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Behavior modification - Correct Answers ✅The systematic application of learning principles and techniques to assess and improve individuals' covert and overt behaviors in order to enhance their functioning. Behavior analysis - Correct Answers ✅the scientific study of the laws that govern the behavior of human beings and other animals Target behavior - Correct Answers ✅Behaviors to be improved in a behavior modification program Behavioral assessment - Correct Answers ✅The collection and analysis of information and data in order to: (a) identify and describe target behaviors (b) identify possible causes of the behavior (c) guide the selection of an appropriate behavioral treatment (d) evaluate treatment outcome Characteristic of behavior modification - Correct Answers ✅Its strong emphasis is on defining problems in terms of behavior that can be measured in some way, and using changes in the behavioral measure of the problem as the best indicator of the extent to which the problem is being helped. Its treatment procedures and techniques are ways of altering an individual's current environment.
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Its methods and rationales can be described precisely. Its techniques are often applied by individuals in everyday life. The techniques stem from basic and applied research in the science of learning in general and the principles of operant and Pavlovian conditioning in particular. It emphasizes scientific demonstration that a particular intervention was responsible for a particular behavior change. It places a high value on accountability for everyone involved in behavior modification programs. Stimulus/stimuli - Correct Answers ✅The physical variables that make up a person's environment. OR People, objects, and events currently present in one's immediate surroundings that impinge on one's sense receptors and that can affect behavior. The use of summary labels by behavior modifiers - Correct Answers ✅Honest, carefree, hardworking, unreliable, independent, selfish, incompetent, kind, graceful, unsociable, and nervous are summary labels for human actions, do not refer to specific behavior.
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Motivation and intelligence defined from a behavioral perspective - Correct Answers ✅pg 3 Behavioral deficit - Correct Answers ✅too little behavior of a particular type Behavioral excess - Correct Answers ✅too much behavior of a particular type Gerontology - Correct Answers ✅Elderly individuals must deal on a daily basis with the loss of skills and ability to function independently that occurs with old age or with chronic illness. Behavior modification can make a positive contribution. Intellectual disability - Correct Answers ✅Intellectual disabilities has replaced the term mental retardation among most professionals who treat this type of problem Autism - Correct Answers ✅Children diagnosed with autism often show some behaviors similar to children diagnosed with intellectual disabilities; however, they are also likely to show some combination of
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impaired social behavior, impaired communication, abnormal play behaviors, and repetitive self-stimulatory behaviors. May score low in areas such as dressing , eating , grooming , etc. 60/70 Ivar lovaas developed early intensive behavioral intervention. 50% success rate to gets at 30 months old entering regular classroom. Long term research showed good results Behavior modifiers dealing with issues of race, gender, ethnicity, and sexual orientation. - Correct Answers ✅variables that can influence the effectiveness of treatment. we must also be sensitive to the dangers of over-generalizing about any particular cultural group. Respondent stimulus generalization - Correct Answers ✅Stimuli similar to CS tend to elicit CR increased probability of a response as a result of the reinforcement of another response Respondent stimulus discrimination - Correct Answers ✅Stimuli different from CS tend to elicit CR NS-CS-CR temporal contiguity in respondent conditioning - Correct Answers ✅?
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Operant conditioning - Correct Answers ✅Modification of behavior by its consequences Operant behavior: behavior that operates on the environment and can be modified by its consequences Responses Operant behaviors tend to be voluntary Reinforcers Operant conditioning presents reinforcement after the response Extinction Operant conditioning - withholding the reinforcer following a previously reinforced response strengthening a behavior by reinforcing it or weakening it by punishing it Respondent conditioning - Correct Answers ✅Also called Pavlovian Conditioning Producing new stimulus-response connections by pairing two stimuli Respondent Behavior: behavior that is elicited by specific stimuli and can be conditioned to new stimuli through a stimulus-pairing process. Deals with behaviors that are elicited automatically by some stimulus. Doesn't produce a new behavior Causes an existing behavior to occur
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Involves reflexive behavior New stimulus-response connection is learned Responses Respondent behaviors tend to be reflexive Reinforcers Respondent conditioning pairs NS with US before the response Positive reinforcer/reinforcement - Correct Answers ✅is an event that, when presented immediately following a behavior, causes the behavior to increase in frequency (or likelihood of occurrence). in a given situation, somebody does something that is followed immediately by a positive reinforcer, then that person is more likely to do the same thing again when he or she next encounters a similar situation Negative reinforcer/reinforcement - Correct Answers ✅denotes the removal of an (aversive) stimulus immediately following a response with the effect that the response is strengthened; negative reinforcement is also termed escape conditioning Best way to determine whether a stimulus is a reinforcer - Correct Answers ✅consumable, activity, manipulative, possessional and social see how child reacts and if it is something that motivates them.
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Contingent reinforcer - Correct Answers ✅When a behavior must occur before a reinforcer will be presented, we say that the reinforcer is contingent on that behavior. noncontingent reinforcer - Correct Answers ✅If a reinforcer is presented at a particular time, regardless of the preceding behavior, we say that the reinforcer is noncontingent. Manipulation of reinforcers in a behavior modification program - Correct Answers ✅ Conditioned reinforcer - Correct Answers ✅Learned through being paired with other reinforcers. A stimulus that was not originally reinforcing but has become a reinforcer from being paired or associated with another reinforcer unconditioned reinforcer - Correct Answers ✅Unlearned. A stimulus that is reinforcing without prior learning or conditioning Simple conditioned reinforcer - Correct Answers ✅paired with a single backup reinforcer Generalized conditioned reinforcer - Correct Answers ✅paired with many different kinds of backup reinforcers
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Strength depends in part on number of different backup reinforcers available for it. Back-up reinforcer - Correct Answers ✅a positive reinforcer that is presented in exchange for another stimulus to cause it to become a conditioned stimulus Primary/secondary reinforcer - Correct Answers ✅primary reinforcer a stimulus that is reinforcing without prior learning or conditioning Unconditioned/ conditioned reinforcer refers to a situation where a stimulus reinforcers a behavior after it has been associated with the primary reinforcer Tokens - Correct Answers ✅Conditioned reinforcers that can be collected and exchanged for backup reinforcers Extinction - Correct Answers ✅When a response (previously reinforced) is not followed by reinforcement, the individual is less likely to engage in the behavior again. Factors that may cause an extinction program to fail - Correct Answers ✅Reinforcers from others or from environment can undo extinction Make sure that the reinforcers you are withholding are actually the ones maintaining the behavior
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Successive approximations - Correct Answers ✅steps towards the target behavior that is desired to be shaped Topography of a behavior - Correct Answers ✅specific movements involved Shaping - Correct Answers ✅Development of a new behavior by successive reinforcement of closer approximations and extinguishing preceding approximations of behavior Dimensions of behavior that can be shaped - Correct Answers ✅Topography, Frequency,Duration, Latency, & Intensity Continuous reinforcement - Correct Answers ✅every correct response is reinforced; fast learning and fast extinction Intermittent reinforcement - Correct Answers ✅only some correct responses are reinforced; slow learning and extinction Schedules of reinforcement - Correct Answers ✅rule specifying which occurrences of a given behavior, if any, will be reinforced
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Fixed-ratio schedule - Correct Answers ✅Reinforcement occurs each time a set number of responses of a particular type is emitted. Variable-ratio schedule - Correct Answers ✅The number of responses required to produce reinforcement changes unpredictably from one reinforcement to the next. Fixed-interval schedule - Correct Answers ✅The first response after a fixed amount of time following the previous reinforcement is reinforced and a new interval begins Variable-interval schedule - Correct Answers ✅The length of the interval changes unpredictably from one reinforcement to the next Duration schedule - Correct Answers ✅Reinforcement occurs after the behavior has been engaged in for a continuous period of time. Limited hold - Correct Answers ✅Used when you want ratio-like behavior, but unable to count each instance of behavior Matching law - Correct Answers ✅The response rate or the time devoted to an activity schedule is proportional to the rate of reinforcement of that activity relative to the rates of reinforcement on other, concurrently available activities
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Rule-governed behavior - Correct Answers ✅behavior that is controlled by the statement of a rule. Stimulus generalization - Correct Answers ✅Responding the same way to a different stimuli than one in the presence of which responding in that way was reinforced Response generalization - Correct Answers ✅ Fading - Correct Answers ✅Gradual change over successive trials of a stimulus that controls a response so that the response eventually occurs to a partially changed or completely new stimulus Fading procedure - Correct Answers ✅Process of slowly removing prompts after behavior is established Prompt - Correct Answers ✅Stimulus that reliably evokes the desired behavior Physical prompt - Correct Answers ✅touching the learner to guide him appropriately
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Gestural prompt - Correct Answers ✅pointing, making motions without touching, etc. Verbal prompt - Correct Answers ✅verbal hints or cues Modeling prompt - Correct Answers ✅demonstrating correct behavior Environmental prompt - Correct Answers ✅Altering the physical environment to evoke desired response Extra-stimulus prompt - Correct Answers ✅something that is added to the environment to make the correct response more likely. Within-stimulus prompt - Correct Answers ✅alterations to the SD or S∆ to make them more noticeable and easier to discriminate Behavioral chain - Correct Answers ✅A sequence of discriminative stimuli (SDs) and responses (Rs) in which: Each response except the last produces the SD for the next response The last response is followed by the reinforcer
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Reinforcement of other, topographically dissimilar behavior (not necessarily incompatible one) DRI schedule - Correct Answers ✅Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Responding (DRI)- Similar to DRO, but specifies an incompatible response Undesired response is not possible when engaged in the incompatible response Reinforce incompatible response DRO schedule - Correct Answers ✅Differential Reinforcement of Zero Responding (DRO)- Reinforcer presented only if response does not occur within an interval If response occurs, timing of interval starts again Differential reinforcement of other responding - reinforcement for any other behavior Length of interval increased gradually until Behavior occurring very rarely or not at all A minimum amount of reinforcement is given for nonoccurrence DRL schedule - Correct Answers ✅Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates (DRL)- Reinforcing only low rates of responding Behavior will occur at low rate
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Limited-responding DRL - Correct Answers ✅Maximum number of allowable responses during an interval Useful when: Some of the behavior is tolerable Less is better Space-responding DRL - Correct Answers ✅Behavior does not occur during an interval, after interval passed, behavior must occur for reinforcement Behavior spaced over time Want to reduce a desirable behavior (a little is desirable) Cause of self-control problems - Correct Answers ✅Problems of Behavioral Excesses Immediate reinforcers versus delayed punishers for a behavior Immediate reinforcers versus cumulatively significant punishers for a behavior Immediate reinforcers for problem behavior versus delayed reinforcers for alternative desired behavior Problems of Behavioral Deficiencies Immediate small punishers for a behavior versus reinforcers that are cumulatively significant
