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Behavior Therapy
Key Terms Applied Behavior Analysis- behavior modification; understands causes of behavior
Assertion Training- skills used to teach clients how to express feelings in an open and direct manner
BASIC I.D.- Multimodal therapy conceptual framework. Human behavior is understood through the assessment of seven areas (behavior, affective responses, sensations, images, cognitions, interpersonal relationships, and drugs/biological functions
Behavior Modification- approach that analyzes and modifies behavior
Behavior Rehearsal- a technique in which target behavior(s) are role-played
Classical Conditioning- Pavlovian conditioning; repetitive training with neutral stimulus
Cognitive Behavioral Coping Skills Therapy- teaching skills to combat problematic situations
Cognitive Processes- Internal events (thoughts, beliefs, perceptions, self-statements)
Consequences- an event that results from specific behavior(s)
Contingency Contracting- a written, behavior-consequence agreement with significant other
Dialectical Behavior Therapy- a treatment combination of behavior and psychoanalytic techniques
Exposure Therapy- treatment for anxiety; clients are exposed to situations/events that trigger emotional responses
Extinction- when a previous behavior no longer exists; a decrease in frequency of targeted behavior(s)
Evidence-based Treatments- research-based interventions
Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR)- exposure-based therapy (imaginal flooding, cognitive restructuring, rhythmic eye movements (bilateral stimulation to treat trauma and fearful memories-related issues)
Flooding- the no escaping, prolonged and intensive in vivo/imaginal exposure to anxiety- evoking stimuli technique
Functional Assessment- determining which antecedents and consequences are associated with certain behaviors
In Vivo Desensitization- brief and gradual exposure to fear stimuli (situation/event)
Modeling- learning through observation and imitation
Multimodal Therapy- technical eclecticism; draw techniques from different theories yet not ascribe to philosophy and assumptions
Negative Reinforcement- when perform desired behavior unpleasant stimuli decreases
Operant Conditioning- when learning is influenced by consequences delivered
Positive Reinforcement- when something desirable is received after desired behavior is performed
Positive Reinforcer- an event that increases likelihood of a response
Punishment- behavior followed by a consequence to decrease future probability of occurring
Reinforcement- strengthening tendency for a response to be repeated
Self-Efficacy- personal beliefs that one can master a situation or bring about change
Self-Management- teaching clients to use cognitive-behavioral techniques to cope with situations
Self-Monitoring- observing one’s behaviors and interactions in social settings
Skills Training- teaching modeling, behavior rehearsal, reinforcement
Social Learning Theory- in order to understand learning we must look into one’s social conditions
Systematic Desensitization- classical conditioning; client learns to progressively relax as imagining graduated levels of anxiety-provoking stimuli
Technical Eclecticism- tailoring interventions based on client characteristics (used in multimodal therapy)
Key Figures and Focus (1950s to early 1960s) Skinner Wolpe Lazarus Bandura
Substance abuse Eating disorders Pain management Hypertension Children’s disorders Prevention/treatment of cardiovascular disease
Contributions Short-tem approach Emphasizes research into and assessment of techniques Accountability Problems are identifies and attacked Clients are informed about the therapeutic process Therapist is reinforcer, consultant, model, teacher, and expert in behavioral change Integrated with diverse clientele
Limitations (In)Ability to control environment such as institutional settings Imposition of conforming behaviors Client manipulation Not address broader human problems (meaning and purpose) Specific and narrow
Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Key Terms A-B-C Model- sequence of antecedents, behavior, and consequences; problems stem from beliefs not events.
Automatic thoughts- maladaptive thoughts that arise without conscious deliberation
Cognitive behavior therapy- treatment approach that aims to at changing cognitions that leads to psychological problems
Cognitive errors- these are misconceptions and faulty assumptions of clients
Cognitive restructuring- replacing maladaptive thought patterns with constructive and adaptive thoughts and beliefs
Cognitive structure- organizing aspect of one’s thinking, monitors, and directs the choice of thoughts; determine when to continue, interrupt, or change thinking patterns
Cognitive therapy- approach and procedures used to modify faulty thinking and believing by changing feelings and behaviors
Collaborative empiricism- to view clients as scientists who are able to make objective interpretations. Client-therapist collaboration where a list of hypotheses are generated and clients has to test the hypotheses through homework assignments
Constructivism- cognitive therapy that emphasizes the subjective framework and interpretations of clients
Coping skills program- modification of thinking patterns to effectively deal with stressful situations
Distortion of reality- erroneous thinking that disrupts one’s life, can be a contradiction
Internal dialogue- sentences people tell themselves and debate goes on in one’s head (self-talk)
Irrational belief- unreasonable conviction that leads to emotional and behavioral problems
Musturbation- (Ellis, REBT) absolutist and rigid behavior such as must, should, would, could, need, etc…
Rationality- quality of thinking, feeling, and behaving in ways to we attain personal goals
Rational emotive imagery- intense mental practice for learning new emotional and physical habits (clients imagine thinking, feeling, and behaving in an ideal manner)
Relapse prevention- a process to identify situations in which one may regress to old patterns and develop coping strategies to overcome situations
Self-instructional therapy- what people say to themselves is a direct influence of what they do
Self-talk- internal dialogue of what is said to oneself when thinking
Shame-attacking exercises- REBT strategy that encourages people to do things regardless of feeling foolish or embarrassed (people can function even if foolish)
Stress-inoculation training- (Donald Michenbaum) cognitive behavior modification that includes education, rehearsal, and application. Clients learn how thoughts create stress
Therapeutic collaboration- therapist strives to engage clients during all phases during treatment
Key Figures and Focus Albert Ellis (REBT) Aaron Beck (CT) Donald Michenbaum (Basic I.D.)
Cognitive techniques: disputing irrational beliefs, cognitive homework, changing one’ s language, use of humor Emotive techniques: rational-emotive imagery, role-playing, shame-attacking Behavioral techniques: operant conditioning, self-management, modeling
Differences between REBT and CT? REBT is highly directive, persuasive, and confrontive CT emphasizes Socratic dialogue and clients discover their misconceptions for themselves CT is a process of guided discovery; therapist is a catalyst and guide to help clients understand connection between their thinking and ways they feel and act
Applications REBT: individual and group therapy, marathon encounter groups, brief therapy, marriage and family counseling, sex therapy, classroom situations, moderate anxiety, neurotic disorders, character disorders, psychosomatic disorders, eating disorders, poor interpersonal skills, marital problems, poor parenting skills, addictions, and sexual dysfunctions (most effect for those who can reason well)
CT: mostly used for those who suffer from depression and anxiety; children, adolescent and adults; managing stress, parent training, and other clinical disorders
Contributions REBT has a wide applicability Brief and emphasizes active practice in experimenting with new behaviors Discourages dependence Stresses client control over own destiny Comprehensive, integrative approach (cognitive, emotive, and behaviors) to change thoughts, behaviors and feelings
CT pioneered work with anxiety, phobias and depression Increased interest in research Challenges client assumptions and beliefs Teach clients how to change their thinking
Limitations REBT: no rationale why people reindoctrinate oneself with irrational beliefs Not applicable with those with limited intelligence Imposition of therapist philosophy Psychological harm from overly confrontive/persuasive CT not emphasize exploration of emotions Focus on thinking can lead to intellectualizations
