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EDF 6222 Exam 1 & 2 NEWEST
QUESTIONS AND DETAILED CORRECT
ANSWERS | A+GRADE STUDY GUIDE
how did pavlov avoid mentalistic and explanatory fictions? Correct Answer by controlling conditions that allowed him to show stimuli can be conditioned evolutionary explanation for reflexes? Correct Answer for survival of the organism Conditioning can never fashion a _____ Correct Answer novel response ontogeny Correct Answer - learned beahviors of a particular animal during its lifetime
- O = one phylogeny Correct Answer behaviors that have been passed down over the lifetime of the entire species how do you know the behavior is phylogenic? Correct Answer when there is no history of the behavior what do genes do? Correct Answer - predispose an individual's susceptibility to influence from the environment
- genes do not "cause" behavior they set up physical basis for behavior to occur
what does GMI with a mirror do? Correct Answer provides additional feedback required to receive discriminative control of the model what did Miller et al. (2015) find? Correct Answer that mirrors do facilitate acquisition of motor imitation in children with ASD
- mirror serves as a discriminative control for the model What did Correct Answer where does our understanding of operant behavior originate from? Correct Answer Darwin's controversial idea that humans are not unique in their ability to think What did Thorndike create? Correct Answer Law of effect
- trial and error type of explanation
- organisms learn when behaviors are followed by pleasant things and vice versa Law of effect Correct Answer - Organisms learn through the consequences of their actions
- Bx decrease when followed by negative stimuli
- Bx increase when followed by pleasant stimuli what was Skinner's work a continuation of? Correct Answer Thorndike's Law of Effect extinction Correct Answer when reinforcement is no longer provided
what do verbal communities influence? Correct Answer repertoire of the speaker language Correct Answer interactions that take place between speakers and listeners can verbal behavior occur spontaneously? Correct Answer yes, once the verbal repertoire is shaped by the audience nonverbal Correct Answer eradicate possibility of any mode of communication including sign, gestures, and PECS nonvocal Correct Answer spoken language is not used to communicate how do words develop meaning? Correct Answer by the listener's responses to the word Who came up with precision teaching? Correct Answer Ogden Lindsley what is a referent Correct Answer - every term must have an entity to which it corresponds
- stimulus control over language what is rate of response? Correct Answer frequency frequency is a ___________ Correct Answer dimension of behavior
which is more sensitive to program changes? frequency or precentage Correct Answer frequency - 10 - 100x more sensitive precision teaching Correct Answer method that adjusts the curricula for each learner to maximize learning based on their own celeration chart what graph does precision teaching use? Correct Answer standard celeration chart standard celeration chart Correct Answer A semilogarithmic chart that enables the visual display of celeration, a factor by which rate of behavior multiples or divides per unit of time what is one reason why a lesson can be reinforcing? Correct Answer students are able to demonstrate their knowledge enviroment Correct Answer any event in the universe capable of affecting the organism (some of that universe is private) how do private events and overt events differ? Correct Answer based on their accessibility why do we mistrust verbal responses to private events? Correct Answer bcs we can't establish them to be true 3 types of internal stimuli Correct Answer - interoceptive
covert behavior Correct Answer - describing private conditions associated with public behavior, but not necessarily generated by it
- ex. "What are you thinking?" future behavior Correct Answer report on covert behavior like "I am going to give this to him when I see him" or predicted behavior "if it rains, I will stay home" Hefferline and Keenan Correct Answer - rewards were given to participants based on the tension of their thumb muscle (tension so minuscule you couldn't see it with naked eye)
- frequency of tension increased
- example of a private event that participants were unable to describe what the contingencies are
- overt influencing covert phantom limb Correct Answer an arm or a leg that lingers indefinitely in the minds of patients long after it has been lost ____________ are rarely crucial in the practical _____ of human behavior Correct Answer private events, control rule-governed behavior Correct Answer behavior that has been generated through exposure to rules without having experienced consequences is thinking a behavior? Correct Answer yes
recall Correct Answer emit responses when there is an interaction between existing responses and learning history what is the solution to a problem? Correct Answer - a response that alters a situation so that a response can be emitted
- not the terminal response it is the manipulation that occurs to make a response more probable what are behaviors of problem solving? Correct Answer - examining the problem thoroughly
- stating problem in its clearest terms
- trying tentative solutions
- response exists already but can't be emitted what does having an idea mean Correct Answer verbal response that is in the learner's repertoire that is emitted via manipulation of the enviro that makes a response more likely concept of self Correct Answer functionally unified set of responses (allows for variability in responding that results from variability in the enviro) self-knowledge Correct Answer - awareness of one's own behavior as well as the analysis of the controlling variables of one's own behavior
- also considered reasoning
punishment can disrupt ____ Correct Answer unpunished behaviors as well what type of conditioning is responsible to drug overdose? Correct Answer respondent conditioning how is respondent conditioning related to drug overdose Correct Answer if drug is ingested in the same enviro, the body makes physiological changes to prepare for the drug
- the enviro becomes a conditioned stimulus Dr. Ader investigate _______ Correct Answer food aversion in mice parsimony Correct Answer look for the simplest explanation possible what is science? Correct Answer an attempt to discover order, and to display lawful relations determinism Correct Answer The universe is a lawful and orderly place what does it mean to be scientifically skeptical? Correct Answer that assumptions should not be made until evidence is available How do you reduce observer bias? Correct Answer by ensuring interobserver agreement
guidelines for gathering evidence Correct Answer - reducing observer bias
- examining experimental control
- replication
- self-correction what is behaviorism Correct Answer philosophy of the science of human behavior what does structuralism rely on? Correct Answer introspection structuralism Correct Answer the science of human behavior permits introspection to explain the conscious mind methodological behaviorism Correct Answer A philosophical position that views behavioral events that cannot be publicly observed as outside the realm of science. and relied on logical positivism
- does not consider private events - came from psychophysical parallelism psychophysical parallelism Correct Answer - mental events can cause only mental events
- physical events can cause only physical events What did normand present? Correct Answer - importance of objective, empirical science
Fryling et al. studied? Correct Answer antecedent based intervention for food selectivity using high p procedure
- easy to implement and food acceptance generalized
- used high p foods to increase acceptance of low p foods how much of modern medicine is actually effective? Correct Answer 1/ what is language development related to? Correct Answer number of words spoken to children by their parents
- welfare-recipient family could have heard 32 million fewer words what is attention among friends Correct Answer generalized conditioned reinforcer why were Henkel's students memories impaired Correct Answer bcs/ they were relying on external memory aid, att was placed on the camera instead of the image we were trying to capture what is the most effective form of parenting? Correct Answer ignoring the unwanted behavior and finding ways to encourage the positive opposite
- refraining from punishment can reduce vandalism, tantrums, and substance abuse social media opinion on reinforcement Correct Answer suggests praise is spoiling and promotes helplessness, high ego, and unaccountability
- 5;1 ratio is best
problem with praise Correct Answer empty praise
- you want specific, immediate, and warranted praise (not generic) helicopter parenting Correct Answer - errorless learning in all aspects of parenting
- children do need to fail self-control Correct Answer - difficult bcs/ long term consequences are delayed
how can rules be rewarding? Correct Answer when expectations are clear and concise and when the rules are imposed someone else in natural learning what is the teacher Correct Answer the enviro what does skinner think of natural learning Correct Answer real world is not an effective teacher
- physical enviro breed awkward, dangerous, superstitious behavior education Correct Answer - arranging contingencies that facilitate learning
- don't assume underlying abilities of students
- BCBAs look at the contingencies of learning situation to understand why learning has not taken place
what did plant and peruche find Correct Answer more discrimination practice officers had, the less likely they were to consider race a variable how to quantify sensations and perceptions Correct Answer operation of discrimination why is respondent conditioning limited? Correct Answer bcs/ can add stimuli but not add any new responses what gives reinforcement an edge when explaining behavior Correct Answer bcs/ behavior is accessible are all conditioned reflexes helpful Correct Answer no purpose/intent Correct Answer when a behavior class is functionally related to consequences what do you need to determine extinction? Correct Answer learner's reinforcement history should one examine sentences and linguistic limericks Correct Answer no the entire analysis is unavailable are meaning for listener and speaker the same? Correct Answer yes
