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A plan to advance preparedness and equity in Berkeley, a community known for inclusiveness and innovation

BERKELEY

“Berkeley is transforming resilience from concept into action. The Resilience

Strategy provides an invaluable roadmap for Berkeley to adapt and thrive in

response to the formidable challenges of the 21st century.”

—Tom Bates, Mayor, City of Berkeley

View from the Berkeley Hills onto Berkeley, Oakland, and the San Francisco Bay.

Photo Credit: AECOM; Cover Photo Credit: Joe Parks

Photo Credits: Berkeley Marina, AECOM. (In honeycomb, left to right): Market, 4feet2mouth; Shoreline, AECOM; City Hall, AECOM;Berkeley NAACP meeting, Rasheed Shabazz/Oakland Post; Codornices Creek, Pimpinellus; Jupiter Restaurant, Joe Parks; West St. Bikeway, Dianne Yee

Berkeley Marina

Table of Contents

Introduction and Purpose

Developing the Strategy

Berkeley’s Resilience Goals

Goal 1: Build a Connected and Prepared Community

Goal 2: Accelerate Access to Reliable and Clean Energy

Goal 3: Adapt to the Changing Climate

Goal 4: Advance Racial Equity

Goal 5: Excel at Working Together within City

Government to Better Serve the Community

Goal 6: Build Regional Resilience

Appendix: Summary of Goals and Actions

Acknowledgements

Introduction and Purpose

In 2014 the City of Berkeley (City), along with our neighboring cities of Oakland and San Francisco, was one of the first 32 cities selected to participate in 100 Resilient Cities (100RC)—Pioneered by The Rockefeller Foundation. 100RC helps cities around the world build resilience to the social, economic, and physical challenges of the 21st century.

A city’s resilience is defined by the ability of the individuals, institutions, businesses, and systems within the community to survive, adapt, and grow no matter what chronic stress or acute shock it experiences. A resilient city lives well in good times and bounces back quickly and strongly from hard times.

The City conducted extensive research that included community outreach and engagement to develop a strategy that is designed to advance Berkeley’s resilience. Building on existing efforts and with guidance from the Mayor, the City Council, and the community, the Berkeley Resilience Strategy identifies six long-term goals and recommends specific short- term actions to help address some of Berkeley’s most pressing challenges.

Berkeley’s Interconnected Resilience Challenges

Earthquakes

As residents of Berkeley and the Bay Area region well know, one of the most pressing challenges we face is natural disasters. Given our proximity to several faults, including the Hayward Fault, which runs directly through the city, Berkeley is particularly vulnerable to earthquakes. Current Berkeley residents are likely to experience a major earthquake in their lifetime. In the event of a major earthquake, over 600 housing units would be destroyed and 20,000 more would be damaged. Approximately 3,

to 12,000 households would be displaced. Low-income housing units are expected to be damaged at the highest rate. Businesses would also be destroyed. And the energy and water infrastructure of the various utilities would likely be disrupted for several days or weeks. The economic impact in Berkeley would be in the billions of dollars, and much more in the region as whole. Every aspect of the city, including its people, historic places, and economic prosperity, could be quickly and dramatically altered.

Wildfires

Berkeley and the East Bay have a history of destructive wildfire in the eastern hills. The wildfire risk in the hills is compounded by the area’s narrow streets, which limit access and egress routes. This risk was clearly demonstrated in the 1991 Tunnel Fire, which destroyed entire neighborhoods in Berkeley and Oakland and took the lives of 25 people. In 1923, an even bigger fire burned through Berkeley, destroying nearly 600 structures. If a fire burned that same area today, approximately 3,000 structures would be destroyed, including many small businesses, single-family homes, and apartment buildings, particularly buildings that house university students. The risk of wild- fire is aggravated by California’s severe and prolonged drought.

Climate Change Impacts: Drought and Flooding

Due to climate change, longer periods of drought are expected to be the new normal for our city, region, and state. This Resilience Strategy was developed in the midst of one of the most severe, multi-year droughts in the state’s history. In addition to increased wildfire risk, the impacts of drought include higher food prices and significant stress on Berkeley’s urban forest and ecosystems.

On the other end of the spectrum, climate change is also causing more frequent and severe flooding, especially in West Berkeley, which is the part of the city closest to the San Francisco Bay shoreline. Bay water levels are rising and are projected to continue to increase at an accelerating rate throughout the 21st century. In combination with more unpredictable and extreme rain events, sea level rise is exacerbating the limits of Berkeley’s aging stormwater system, which is degrading due to decades of deferred maintenance and repair and is under-capacity for today’s changed climate.

Racial Inequity

In addition to physical challenges, Berkeley also faces chronic social challenges. For example, racial inequity exists in health outcomes, income, and educational attainment. Compared to White residents, African American residents in Berkeley are three times less likely to have a college degree and two times more likely to live in poverty. African American residents in South and West Berkeley have higher rates of childhood asthma hospitalizations, heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke, and diabetes. Inequity correlates with greater vulnerability to physical challenges, making many in Berkeley disproportionately at risk from natural disasters and the impacts of climate change.

Building Berkeley’s

Resilience through Connectedness

Clearly, these are massive and complex challenges that no one strategy can solve. But development and implementation of the Resilience Strategy is an opportunity to identify tangible steps that contribute to a solution and that emphasize an approach to resilience-building that can be further applied by the City and its community partners to other challenges moving forward. The approach that this Strategy emphasizes is to build community resilience by building stronger connections—stronger connections between neighbors; between public, private, nonprofit, and academic institutions; between departments within the City government; and between Bay Area local

and regional governments. These connections not only can provide critical support and lifelines in the event of a disaster, but also lead to multi-stake- holder, multi-benefit problem solving even under normal circumstances.

Goal 1: Build a Connected and Prepared Community

Goal 2: Accelerate Access to Reliable and Clean Energy

Goal 3: Adapt to the Changing Climate

Goal 4: Advance Racial Equity

Goal 5: Excel at Working Together within City Government to Better Serve the Community

Goal 6: Build Regional Resilience

In the spirit of connectedness, the Resilience Strategy is also an invitation for all residents and organizations in the city to partner with the City government and other community leaders to build Berkeley’s resilience together. There is no single action we can take that solves all of Berkeley’s challenges, but we can take coordinated, multi-disciplinary steps that address more than one challenge at once. As you review the goals and actions articulated in this report, we invite you to identify opportunities for you to benefit from and contribute to the work. We have specifically included “What you can do” sections throughout the document to stimulate some ideas.

INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE

View of the Berkeley Hills

Photo Credits: Berkeley Hills, AECOM; (in honeycomb left to right): Adventure Playground, Mamientransicion; Redwoods, Molly Samuel/KQED; Berkeley,Jim Arnold; Solar Array on Comp Shingle Roof, Solar City; Greek Theatre, Daniel Parks; Berkeley High School, AECOM; Chez Panisse, AECOM

Development and implementation of the Berkeley Resilience Strategy are opportunities for the City of Berkeley government (City) and partners in the community to research and articulate some of Berkeley’s most pressing resilience challenges; identify specific, multi-benefit actions that contribute to solutions to those challenges; and secure additional resources, technical assistance, and partnerships to accelerate next steps.

The goals and actions identified in the Resilience Strategy are grounded in community input, expert analysis, and best practices from other cities in the global 100 Resilient Cities Network. Approximately 1,100 community members contributed their insights and ideas through a combination of an online survey; public workshops; City Council meetings; City Commission meetings; and events hosted by com- munity-based organizations, such as the Berkeley Climate Action Coalition. Partner institutions and agencies, such as the University of California (UC), Berkeley; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL); the Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG); the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission (BCDC); and the Gov- ernment Alliance on Race and Equity provided invaluable guidance.

The following research, outreach, and analysis we conducted informed the goals and specific actions identified in the Resilience Strategy.

- Conducting seismic evaluations, economic risk analysis, and energy and water audits of six City care and shelter facilities. - Evaluating and documenting gaps in the emergency backup power infrastructure for critical City facilities and researching national best practices in advancing energy reliability. - Evaluating the efficacy of existing City disaster preparedness incentive programs. - Analyzing how sea level rise and changing precipitation trends increase flooding and affect Berkeley neighborhoods and infrastructure. - Identifying and evaluating potential additional stormwater management funding and financing options. - Analyzing options for diversifying the city’s water supply in the face of severe drought. - Participating in an international exchange hosted by the City of Rotterdam, the Netherlands, focused on learning from the world’s leading experts on floodwater management. - Participating in a year-long, action-oriented training focused on identifying and eliminating institutional barriers to racial equity. - Collaborating with regional agencies, the Cities of Oakland and San Francisco, and others to identify regional resilience-building approaches. - Providing a diverse set of opportunities for community members to share input.

All of this work was conducted with the objective of building or im- proving connections between individuals and between organizations

Developing the Strategy

Approximately 1,

community members

contributed their

insights and ideas

to this Strategy

What is Resilience?

Urban resilience is the capacity of

individuals, communities, institu-

tions, businesses, and systems

within a city to survive, adapt,

and grow no matter what

kinds of chronic stresses

and acute shocks

they experience.

CHRONIC

STRESSES weak-

en the fabric of a

city on a day-to-

day or cyclical

basis.

(Examples

include: high

unemployment,

inefficient public

transportation

systems, endemic

violence, and

chronic food and

water shortages.)

ACUTE SHOCKS are

sudden, sharp events

that threaten a city.

(Examples include: earth-

quakes, floods, disease out-

breaks, and terrorist attacks.)

DEVELOPING THE STRATEGY

100 Resilient Cities—

Pioneered by The Rockefeller

Foundation, helps cities around

the world become more

resilient to the physical,

social, and economic

challenges that are

a growing part of

the 21st century.

100RC provides this

assistance through

funding for a Chief

Resilience Officer in

each member city

to lead resilience

efforts; resources for

developing a resilience

strategy; membership

in a global network of

peer cities to share best

practices and challenges;

and access to a variety of

resilience tools, including the City

Resilience Framework. Berkeley was

one of the first members of 100RC.

100RC City Resilience Framework:

FROM STRATEGY TO IMPLEMENTATION

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100 Resilient Cities

• Pioneered by The Rockefeller Foundation (100RC) helps cities around the world become more resilient to the physical, social, and economic challenges that are a growing part of the 21st century. 100RC provides this assistance through funding for a chief resilience officer in each member city to lead resilience efforts; resources for drafting a resilience strategy; membership in a global network of peer cities to share best practices and challenges, and access to a variety of resilience tools, including the City Resilience Framework. New Orleans was one of the first members of the 100 Resilient Cities Network, and Resilient New Orleans was supported by the 100RC process.

Photo credits: December 2015 Berkeley Community Meeting, BUSD; Berkeley Learns After School Program, BUSD;Green Infrastructure at Presentation Park, AECOM; Downtown Berkeley, Downtown Berkeley Association

Berkeley

Resilience

Strategy

Berkeley Resilience Strategy Development Timeline

The Cities

of Berkeley,

Oakland, and

San Francisco

and 100RC

launch the

Resilience

Strategy

development

process

• Inventory existing efforts
• Collect community perceptions

on resilience

• Research community hazards

and risks

2014—Phase 1

Preliminary Resilience

Assessment

• Gather additional community

input on some of Berkeley’s most

pressing challenges

• Conduct technical analyses and

research global best practices to

identify solutions

2015—Phase 2

Deep-dive analysis of challenges

and solutions

DEVELOPING THE STRATEGY

Over 200 community members participated in a December 2015 workshop to learn about El Niño condi- tions and flood pre- paredness, and to con- tribute to the Berkeley Resilience Strategy. The workshop was hosted by the City of Berkeley and Berkeley Unified School District. Photo Credit: BUSD

2004: Disaster Mitigation Plan A plan to evaluate the risks that a range of hazards pose to Berkeley and identify ac- tions to minimize those risks

2005: Berkeley Hills Fire Assessments House-to-house risk assess- ments were conducted in the Berkeley Hills through a FEMA grant to provide information to residents and vital improvements to fire evacuation pathways

CITY OF BERKELEY (^2011) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN

Public Works EngineeringVersion 1.0 October 2011

2009: Climate Action Plan A plan developed through extensive community input and designed to achieve deep reductions in Berkeley’s greenhouse gas emissions along with other co-benefits

2011: Watershed Management Plan A plan that articulates an integrated strategy for managing urban water resources, including through advancement of green infrastructure

The Berkeley Resilience Strategy is designed to advance community preparedness for some of Berkeley’s most pressing physical, social, and economic challenges, examples of which are included in this timeline. The Resilience Strategy builds on and dovetails with past

planning efforts that benefited from expert analysis and broad community engagement. Moving forward, successful Strategy implementation rests on continued community engagement and new partnerships that build Berkeley’s resilience.

2007: Cosco Busan Oil Spill

A container ship hit the Bay Bridge, spilling over 53,000 gallons of fuel oil into the San Francisco Bay and causing harm to ecosystems, including along the Berkeley coastline

2008: Measure GG Passed Berkeley voters approved a special tax to maintain fire station staffing and improve emergency med- ical response and disaster preparedness services 2008: 2020 Vision for Berkeley’s Children and Youth The City of Berkeley, Berkeley Unified School District, and other partners launched an initiative designed to, by 2020, end the racial predictability of academic achievement that exists in Berkeley public schools

1991: Tunnel Fire

The fire destroyed entire neighborhoods in Berkeley and Oakland and took the lives of 25 people. The City has since worked to reduce wildfire vulnerability, including through improved building codes, vege- tation management, and coordinated training with other area fire personnel

2006: Measure G Passed Berkeley voters passed a measure setting a target of reducing communi- ty-wide greenhouse gas emissions by 80% below 2000 levels by 2050 and directing the Mayor to develop a Climate Action Plan to achieve that target

Building Berkeley’s Resilience

Photo Credits: Tunnel Fire, Richard Misrach; Cosco Buscan spill, Patty Donald; Be Prepared, City of Berkeley; Car at Almaden Reser-voir, Santa Clara, Michael Short; Rim Fire, Brian Hickey/KCRA; Earthquake, Lisa James/Napa Valley Register; Soft Story Program, Cityof Berkeley website; Ashby underpass flooding, Paul Chinn/SF Chronicle; Green Infrastructure at Allston Way, AECOM

2012: Downtown Area Plan A plan providing guidelines for future development in Downtown Berkeley in order to promote economic develop- ment, housing and community health, historic preservation, sustainability, and open space

2013: Health Status Report A report that analyzes the health of the Berkeley commu- nity throughout the life course, from pregnancy and childbirth through childhood, adoles- cence, adulthood, and death. The report identifies health inequities based on patters of geography, race/ethnicity, and income and education 2013: 100 Resilient Cities Se- lection Berkeley, Oakland and San Francisco are part of the first group of cities selected by The Rockefeller Foundation to participate in 100 Resilient Cities 2013: Soft Story Program The City passed a law requiring owners of soft, weak, or open front buildings with five or more dwelling units to conduct seismic retrofits

City of Berkeley 2014 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan JUNE 1, 2014

2014: Local Hazard Mitigation Plan The Plan provides an updated assessment of Berkeley’s main hazards of concern and, through extensive community input, identifies the most important steps that the City and its partners can pursue to reduce risk and advance preparedness 2014: Measure D Passed Berkeley voters become the first to pass a city sug- ar-sweetened beverage tax 2014: Measure M Passed Voters approved a bond for street paving and installation of multi-benefit green infrastruc- ture projects throughout the city

2014: Napa Earthquake (M 6.0)

A magnitude 6.0 earthquake jolted Napa, less than an hour’s drive from Berkeley, providing another reminder of the need to prepare for sudden shocks

2016: Berkeley Resilience Strategy

2013: Rim Fire Destroys

Tuolumne Camp

The Rim Fire, one of the largest and most damaging wildfires in California’s history, destroyed the City of Berkeley-run Tuolumne Family Camp near Yosemite. The camp has been treasured by Berke- ley families since 1922. It will be rebuilt

2016: Exterior Elevated Elements (E3) Inspection Program As a result of a tragic balcony collapse in Down- town Berkeley that killed 6 students and injured 13, the City passed an ordinance requiring inspection and certification of weather-ex- posed elevated elements every 3 years to ensure such a tragedy never occurs again

2014: Black Lives Matter Protests In response to police killings in Ferguson, Missouri and New York City, thousands hit the Berkeley streets in protest over 11 days in December. The Berkeley Police De- partment, with input from the community, completed an extensive review of its response in order to docu- ment lessons learned and to continuously improve strategies for facilitating safe and peaceful protest

2014: Flooding

Large rain storms in December caused significant flooding of schools, homes, and streets

2012: Start of severe

California drought

California is in the midst of a prolonged, multi-year drought, which aggravates wildfire risk and has significant impacts on agricul- ture and ecosystems. The City of Berkeley reduced water consump- tion in municipal operations by over 40% between 2013 and 2015

A strategic preparedness plan for Berkeley, a community known for inclusiveness and innovation.

BERKELEY

GOAL 2

Accelerate Access to

Reliable and Clean Energy

Increase Berkeley’s energy assur- ance and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by decentralizing and greening the energy we consume.

GOAL 3

Adapt to the

Changing Climate

Embrace and implement innova- tive, multi-benefit natural resource management, urban planning, and infrastructure design solutions.

GOAL 4

Advance Racial Equity

Provide proactive leadership to identify and eliminate institu- tional barriers to racial equity.

GOAL 5

Excel at Working Together

within City Government to

Better Serve the Community

Develop integrated solutions to solve big challenges and im- prove access to services and in- formation for the community.

GOAL 6

Build Regional Resilience

Work with other Bay Area cities to develop actionable strategies that match the scale of the so- cial, economic and physical chal- lenges faced by the region.

GOAL 1

Build a Connected and

Prepared Community

Improve the ability of all community members to prepare for, respond to, and recover from natural disasters.

Berkeley’s Resilience Goals

Photo credit: Khin Chin/City of Berkeley

Goal 1

Build a Connected and

Prepared Community