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Abstract. – OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to review the current literature on electromag- netic radiation (EMR): physical, biophysical, and telecommunication. The widespread application of EMR in modern technologies requires tele- communication and healthcare professionals to possess some knowledge of its physical and bi- ological properties. In this review article, we will discuss biophysical principles of EMR, its inter- actions with living organisms and its application in clinical practices. We will discuss here ben- eficial as well as hazardous effects of EMR. We will also discuss the safety guidelines.
Key Words Electromagnetic radiation, Wi-Fi, Mobile phone, Microwave, Computer, FM towers, Magnetic reso- nance imaging, X-ray computed tomography (CT), Chemotherapy.
Introduction
Electromagnetic Radiations
Radiations consist of both electric and magnet-
ic fields. They are coming from natural and man-
made resources. EMR is present in some scenar-
io of everyone’s life^1. Some of the most common
sources of electromagnetic fields that everybody
experiences are the solar radiation, the electric
current that supplies household (Mobile Phone,
Television set, Wi-Fi, Microwave, Computer,
etc.) and antennas for telecommunications2-8. Ar-
tificial resources are used to generate high-level
electromagnetic radiations which may be typi-
cally found in medical devices such as Magnet-
ic Resonance Imaging (MRI), laser lithotripsy,
X-ray Computed Tomography (CT), radiation
therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, Positron Emission Tomography (PET) etc. In a residen- tial environment, the diffusion of the induction cooktop, hairdryers, cordless phones, modems, routers, appliances, alarm system, etc. increases the possibility of domestic exposure to magnet- ic fields. Nevertheless, electromagnetic fields can also be used for the treatment of different diseas- es (e.g., cancer, kidney stones, gallstones, brain, liver etc.)9-13. The practicality of above-described technologies is due to the range of frequencies decreasing from ultra-high frequencies to extra low frequencies available in the electromagnetic spectrum. This EMR spectrum includes ionizing and non-ionizing radiations. Figure 1 shows EMR spectrum signifying frequency range of Ionizing and Non-Ionizing radiations.
Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum (Ionization and Non-Ionization) The EMR spectrum is widely used in differ- ent areas of science and technology. EMR can be broadly divided into two categories: ionization and non-ionization. Ionizing radiation has high energy as compare to non-ionizing radiations. The ionizing radiations have a frequency ranging from 1 PHz (petahertz) to 10 ZHz (zettahertz), which includes X-rays and Gamma rays. The non-ion- izing radiations have a frequency ranging from 1 to 1000’s of THz (terahertz). It consists of Micro- wave (MW), Infrared (IR), Visible Light (VL) and Ultra-Violet light (UV) extremely low-frequency radiation (ELF). Ionization radiation has the ca- pacity to cause changes in the structure of atoms or molecules by ionization, so that’s why ionizing radiation can cause damage to living atoms/mole- cules and also have the tendency to cause changes in the structure of DNA in the living organism^14.
Eur opean Rev iew for Med ical and Pharmacol ogical Sci ences (^) 2019; 23: 3121-
S. BATOOL^1 , A. BIBI^2 , F. FREZZA^1 , F. MANGINI^3
1 Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications,
Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
2 Department of Biochemical Sciences, School of Molecular Biology and Medicine,
Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
3 Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS Neuroimage Laboratory, Rome, Italy
Corresponding Author: Sidra Batool, MD; e-mail: [email protected]
Benefits and hazards of electromagnetic waves,
telecommunication, physical and biomedical:
a review
S. Batool, A. Bibi, F. Frezza, F. Mangini
Benefits and Hazards of Electromagnetic
Radiation in the Field of Physical Health
and in the Telecommunication Sector
The telecommunication devices (Mobile
Phone, Wi-Fi, Computer, Television, etc.) have
proved to be revolutionary effects in terms of
communication with anywhere and anytime in
the whole world, but it is mostly accompanied
with the EMR hazards. The human body has the
ability to absorb these radiations might be harm-
ful and can cause even different disease like can-
cers, mental disorders, neurologic illnesses, fe-
tal abnormalities, cardiovascular diseases etc.^15.
EMR has very beneficial uses of our daily life to
make it more comfortable and easier. Nowadays,
we can talk to anyone on a mobile phone through
the Internet: it is because of EMR, since these
waves can transmit signals for very long distanc-
es. So EMR has the key roles in making our lives
more comfortable.
Mobile Phones
In the present era, the mobile phone has played
a vital role in our daily life activities. Recently
mobile phone is an integral part of business, com-
merce, studies, and society. Mobile phones are
very useful for quick information exchange and an
important tool in emergency situations. People use
their mobile phones for various purposes such as:
- Text messaging
- Photography or taking pictures
- Making videos, Sending photos via Bluetooth
- Accessing the internet, sending or receiving emails
- Playing video games
- Listening music
- Recording video
- Downloading various applications such as WhatsApp Messenger, WeChat, Viber Mes- senger, imo free video calls and chat etc.
- Using social networking site like Facebook, Twitter, Skype-free IM and video calls etc.
- Online banking and business management
- Video call or video chat. This work concluded that a mobile phone is necessary for college students to keep in contact with their families and friends. The main objective of this study is to describe the answer to the following two questions:
- May the excessive use of mobile phones in the vicinity or near the human body cause many harmful diseases?
- How can mobile phone subscriber minimize the risks associated with its exposure? This paper will attempt to answer this question, but conclusions are rarely definitive. The objective of the present report is to explore the association of using mobile phones with health hazards16-18^ such as:
Figure 1. The Electromagnetic Spectrum.
S. Batool, A. Bibi, F. Frezza, F. Mangini
It is reported in the literature that people living
near antennas were suffering from a high risk of
diseases such as^34 :
- Cardiovascular problems
- Skin diseases
- Irritability
- Visual disruptions
- Hearing problems
- Depression Dianah et al^35 in Kaula Nerus described the en-
hancement of rapid growing telecommunication
technology by installing many TV, cell phone and
FM towers as a first step to help in the advance-
ment of growing global technologies. The EMR
exposure level was investigated using spectrum
analyzer through a Circular Patch (CP) antenna.
They used a spatial model to evaluate their data
and results and stated that this model can help in
exploring the clear vision of EMR health risks.
The EMR effects on human body cells act by re-
moving calcium ions. Calcium ions leakage from
brain cells and other parts of the body can cause
pain and other diseases in the human body^36.
EMR Effect on Biotic Systems
EMR from TV, cell phone and FM towers
affects the biotic system such as animals, birds,
plant, etc. EMR effects are relatively larger in fly-
ing birds, sparrows, pigeons and bees in compar-
ison with humans. The reason is that the overall
body structure of bird is small having less weight.
They get heated up very frequent and these radi-
ations can cause adverse effects on their naviga-
tional system. Some effects are given in the next
section.
Effect on Honey Bees
Taye et al^37 reported the adverse effects of EMR
on honey bee colonies near to the cell phone tow-
ers. In the US, the increasing influence of EMR
pollution associated with the sudden loss of bees
was observed a few years back. This type of hon-
ey bee’s loss is known as colony collapse disorder
(CCD), where bees cannot detect the right way to
find the hive due to the consistent EMR pollution.
CCD has spread in many developing countries
like England, Spain Germany and Italy^38.
Effect on Birds
When migratory birds come in direct contact
with EMR from TV, cell phone and FM towers,
they become entirely confused and disoriented
from their right path and undetermined naviga-
tional abilities. The sense of direction of a large
number of migratory birds like sparrows, pigeons are destroyed due to the interference from mobile phone masts. Many species of birds die each year from the overlapping with TV, cell phone and FM towers all over the world during migration. For navigation, mostly birds might be likely adopting earth’s magnetic field. Microwaves from commu- nication resources could be seriously disorienting and these are the main cause of accidents occur- ring to birds during night-time. Dongre and Ver- ma 39 have investigated the remarkable decline of house sparrow in London: a 75% fall since 1994.
Effect on Mammals and Amphibians Burchard et al^40 reported that the grazing of cows near to the TV, cell phone and FM towers having overall general health problems like de- fective embryos, birth deformities, and behav- ioral problems, meanwhile grazing of cows away from the towers have improved health. More- over, exposure of EMR to dairy cows can cause the changing composition of milk, leading to a decrease in the production of milk and fertility problems. Similarly, long-term effects of EMR can also cause reproductive and developmental problems of domestic animals like dogs, cats, rab- bits, etc. In the recent research conducted on bats colonies near the towers, they found conflicting behavioral changes in bats 41. EMR from towers is a possible source of declining some amphibian populations. In a study conducted on amphibians they have found morphological abnormalities, in- crease in the heart rate, changes in blood count, allergies, etc^42. Researchers also described the positive effects of EMR on mammals, like Cec- coni et al^43 that suggested how low power EMR exposure may be used to improve the mammali- an female reproductive system by controlling the follicles growth rate to proceed a developmental stage that is an important pre-requisite for repro- ductive achievement.
Effect on Plants Studies have shown the effects of cell phone EMR on growth and synthetically changes in plants. Alattar et al^44 reported characteristics of seeds by exposing radiation from Wi-Fi router. The experiment was accomplished by test seed- ing for four weeks. Finally, the research conclud- ed that these radiations may cause many chang- es in the weight and growth of plants, thickness level of the stem, etc. The progressive decline of trees near to cell phone tower has also been re- ported. EMR can produce heat. Due to this heat,
Benefits and hazards of electromagnetic waves, telecommunication, physical and biomedical: a review
the micro-organisms present in the upper surface
of earth soil would be killed^45. In the literature
review, there are many advantages of EMR in
the agriculture sector such that the use of EMR
on rice plant in a microgravity environment can
enhance the growth of plant rather the normal
growth^46. Pietruszewski et al^47 described the tool
of EMR stimulation on seed may increase the
plant growth.
Safety Guidelines in
Telecommunication Sectors
From a scientific point of view, long-term ef-
fects of EMR from telecommunication towers
might be harmful to the human, birds, animal,
and ecosystem. To reduce the long-term effects
of EMR, some recommendations are suggested,
such as: network operators must be instructed to
apply reduced cumulative power density near to
residential areas, school, hospital, office build-
ings, and visiting places. People should have
knowledge of long-term effects of EMR hazards,
so that they may have network issues (especially
all those people, who are living far away from the
cell tower) due to lower transmitted power, but it
is for their overall health favor. Thus, the solution
is to install several numbers of cell-phone, TV
and FM towers with lower transmitted power. In
this way, the power efficiency of the tower will be
reduced. So that health heating effect will also be
reduced 48-^.
Benefits and Hazards of EMR:
Physical and Bio-Physical Cancer
Treatment Techniques
EMR associated with the study of nano-
technology, searching natural phenomena and
its applications. Further progress of this area of
expertise strongly affects both biomedical engi-
neering and medicine. Magnetic nanoparticles
are the most popular topics in life sciences and
healthcare. Magnetic hyperthermia treatment is
used to explore the highly effective carcinogenic
cell destructions. Moreover, magnetic hyperther-
mia, which is based on magnetic nanoparticle to
remotely, generates heat when EMR is applied.
This hyperthermia heating technique is used for
the treatment of cancer 51. Recently, a significant
progress has been made in the field of cancer
treatment technique by using EMR. Treatment
methods are based on radiation therapy, hormonal
therapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy^52. UV
radiations from the sun are harmful to our nor-
mal skin cells as well as these radiations are ben-
eficial to the destruction of cancer cells^53. During the treatment of cancer patients, internal organs are visualized deeply by using (X-rays and gam- ma rays)^54. Frequent use of these radiation thera- pies can also cause harmful effects on the human body. Long-term use of these examinations and treatment are associated with cancer risk in clin- ical practice. Peters at al^55 described the chemo- therapy radiation treatment of women at high risk of recurrence cervical cancer after a few years.
Disease Diagnoses with Imaging Techniques EMR is used in imaging studies like radiog- raphy, angiography, and computer tomography scanning. Wernick et al^56 reported that multiple image radiography technique is used for more accurate images of a biological specimen. In the present study concluded that angiography showed the clear vision of the blood vessels and the other organs of the body especially with the heart cham- ber, arteries, narrow veins, etc. X-ray computed tomography (CT) was the first modern imaging technology, introduced in 1972. It is used for im- aging of the whole body in 5 to 20 minutes with a sub-millimeter isotropic resolution57-59. Phase contrast X-ray imaging is a remarkable technique for analyzing deep structure inside biological soft tissues. It is used for observing the three-dimen- sional structure of infected tissues^56. Synchrotron radiation micro-tomography is used for the anal- ysis of the composition and deep structure of all types of materials and biological specimens 60. Magnetic resonance image (MRI) is a wonderful technique for taking detailed pictures inside the human body. It is used to diagnose different dis- eases and injuries inside the human body such as brain injury, spinal cord injury, and blood vessel damage, cancer cells, heart diseases, and blocked blood vessel. An electromagnetic actuator was designed for magnetic resonance electrography (MRE). The actuator is unique since it is sim- ple, portable, and capable of brain, abdomen, and phantom images. The relatively easy setup proce- dure and simple design indicated that the actuator system had the potential to be applied in many different clinical studies 61,^. All these techniques are associated with dam- ages to chemical bonds between living tissues. Long-term use of X-rays CT scan can also modify genetic properties in a living organism and cause variation leading to cancer 63. EMR exposure to high-frequency waves like X-rays, Gamma rays, ultraviolet rays, etc. from above-mentioned tech-
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