Download Binghamton Bio 114 Final Review: Key Biology Concepts and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
Binghamton Bio 114 Final Review exam
guide with answers 2024/2025 new update
All organisms are made of cells, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.
Conclusion: If you trace a cell's lineage back far enough, you will discover that all cells are descended from a common ancestral cell - ANSWER- Cell Theory
The heritable change in a population over time or a change in gene frequency in a population over a number of generations - ANSWER- Evolution
what happens in short term, measured in fractions of lifetimes - ANSWER- Proximate process
longer timeframe (lifetime or more) - ANSWER- Ultimate process
2 General Ideas: Evolution explains variation All species are related to each other through common ancestry - ANSWER- Evolutionary Theory
collection of similar ecosystems but not part of hierarchy because it doesn't have emergent properties - ANSWER- Biomes
a. Organisms have offspring similar to themselves. b. We could select individual plants and animals on our farms to breed and produce offspring that we considered beneficial. c. There exists a large amount of diversity/variation among organisms within a species. d. Differences among the members of a population mean that not all are affected in the same way by ecological factors
e. The variation between species may mean that not all areas that can do so will support a population of a particular species or actually have a population present. f. Typically, individuals produce more offspring than what the environment can support. Also, Special Creation, species have never changed and are unchangeable, variation between individuals is unimportant, and Aristotle's Great Chain of Being. - ANSWER- Before the mid-1800s we knew:
The collection of the units at one level takes on a trait that is greater than the sum of the parts
Ex: Social groups have the emergent property to have safety in numbers
Evolution is an emergent property of populations - ANSWER- Emergent Properties
Individuals that are typically a collection of organ systems. They are acted on by natural selection. - ANSWER- Organisms
first evolutionist to believe that organisms change over time. The theory of acquired characteristics: individuals change as a result of environmental pressures and then pass those traits to offspring ex: you're JACKED and then your child is born JACKED - ANSWER- Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
number of viable offspring you produce in your lifetime - ANSWER- Fitness
A heritable trait that increases the relative fitness of individuals having that trait A process by which individuals within a population acquire traits that increase their relative fitness - ANSWER- Adaptations
Rabbit invasion, tried to control population with myxomatosis virus that only kills rabbits, it was pretty effective in killing rabbit pop , but only killed 99.9% so the rabbit population that was resistant survived and passed on resistance to offspring through placenta What do rabbit and virus population have in common? They both have variation (virus- virility, rabbit- variation in susceptibility) Both are populations
Trait variation in a population
Heritability, or traits that are passed from parents to offspring by genes
Differential Survival, or individuals that live long enough to reproduce
Differential Reproduction, or individuals that will breed more offspring than others - ANSWER- Natural Selection
All the ecosystems put together. All that gets in is sunlight, and all that leaves is heat energy.
On the Origin of Species - Natural selection is responsible for the origin of species All species have a common ancestor All species show changes in characteristics through time All species show changes in characteristics in different environments
These three components lead us to our modern theory of natural selection - ANSWER- Charles Darwin
Collections of individuals of the same species. Evolutionary change affects the population. - ANSWER- Populations
Collections of populations of different species living together in the same area with natural boundaries. - ANSWER- Communities
all organisms were created by a divine being - ANSWER- Special Creation
all species are organized into a sequence based on increased size and complexity, with humans at the top - ANSWER- Great Chain of Being
Humans are selecting agents, who choose specific plants and animals to breed. - ANSWER- Artificial Selection
Similarities in morphology of embryos of different species - ANSWER- Developmental Homology
Similarities in structure of body parts of different species - ANSWER- Structural Homology
Fossil Record and Vestigial Traits - ANSWER- Evidence that Species and Species Diversity Change Over Time
1.) Not all species were together at one time 2.) Extinction has taken place 3.) Transitional forms exist 4.) Major increases in species complexity takes billions of years 5.) Life began in the sea - ANSWER- Fossil Record
Structures in organisms commonly found in the species that serve little or no function - ANSWER- Vestigial Traits
A vestigial trait found in very few individuals within a species - ANSWER- Atavism
1.) If evolution is true, then there is no God. 2.) Humans evolved from apes 3.) individuals evolve 4.) Adaptation occurs because a species needs/wants it 5.) Evolution always results in a more complex or better organism 6.) Animals do things for the good of the species 7.) All traits are adaptive 8.) Functional traits have unlimited adaptive potential - ANSWER- Misconceptions about Evolution
Similar gene sequences between individuals of different species - ANSWER- Genetic Homology
1.) Species are related 2.) Species change over time
If you take algae out of the lichen both of them will die, but they do reproduce independently of one another - ANSWER- Lichens: fungus and algae
Acacia trees are eaten by large herbivores, so they have horns to prevent herbivores from eating them Ants will use the hollow horns to store stuff in so if herbivore eats tree then ants will bite sinuses of herbivores which prevents them from eating trees Beltian bodies- produced on tree leafs for ants to use Benefits to ants: place to live, beltian bodies Trees: defense against herbivores and benefits over other plants Costs: ants: use resources to defend, some of ants may die from herbivores; plants: have to grow beltian bodies - ANSWER- Ants on Acacia trees
Bright colors attract animals Built by cnidaria, surface of reef is what is alive, when they die they leave behind calcium for new coral polyp to grow right on top of it→ keep building up larger coral reef Zooxanthellae- algae living in coral polyp walls → photosynthetic and provides oxygen to coral polyp Coral polyp gets oxygen to live Algae gets a place to live, different colored algaes go with certain species of coral Coral bleaching → lose algae and lose color so coral is completely transparent → because of climate change, increase in toxicity in water, and other factors Costs: Losing algae is problem to coral it will die, algae: it doesn't have a place to live and cant get carbs to grow Benefits: Having more diverse colors at coral reef will help maintain a diverse ecosystem because it will attract a lot of different animals - ANSWER- Coral Reefs
Fungi that have a symbiotic relationship with the roots of certain plants Mycorrhizae constantly measure nutrient levels in soil and will stop giving nutrients to plants if nutrient level is too high, then it will use nutrients for itself until nutrient levels get to low and then it'll start giving plants nutrients again Switch on and off with mutualistic relationship - ANSWER- Mycorrhizae
Plants use nitrogen to build chloroplasts so they have to have nitrogen fixers
Ribsobium bacteria get carbs Without this nitrogen will be limited in soil Legumes establish a relationship with ribsobium bacteria to make nitrogen more available to plants - ANSWER- Nitrogen Fixation
Plants make fruit in order for animals to carry them away and disperse seeds Fruits have a lot of nutritional benefits for animals Seeds have protective digestive coats and laxatives to speed movement throughout digestive system of frugivore and protect seeds from being digested Seeder waxwings→ feeds young 90% of diet as fruit One of the birds that have been found able to smell→ smell warm rotting fruit - ANSWER- Frugivory(fruit eating)
individuals can't survive without their mutualistic partner ex: cellulose-digesting bacteria - ANSWER- obligate mutualism
A form of commensalism (+/0) where a plant releases balls with hooks that latch onto animals. This allows assists the plant in spreading its seeds. - ANSWER- Burdock Example
A partnership where both members are in constant contact. - ANSWER- Symbiosis
Each party evolved to provide something to the other only because the resulting benefit to themselves is greater than the cost associated with the production of the benefit to the partner. As soon as the cost of producing the gift outweigh the benefits, the relationship will end - ANSWER- Are members in mutualistic relationships willingly generous?
Individuals interacting where both sustain some cost or potential cost, which is a -/- interaction - ANSWER- Competition
This occurs between members of the same species. It is fiercer than interspecific competition because the cost of resources is greater when competition exists within the same niche. - ANSWER- Intraspecific Competition
intraspecific competition - ANSWER- What is the major cause of destiny dependent growth?
adaptations of one species are overcome by the selection for traits within another species - ANSWER- Evolutionary Arms Race
two species with identical niches can't coexist in that niche indefinitely. Costs both in competition itself and loss of potential resources are too great so better competing species will exclude the lesser competitor from niche or if there is not complete overlap then the lesser competitor may alter its niche space to not overlap with other species, or both competitors shift their niche space - ANSWER- G.F. Gause Competitive Exclusion Principle
the one difference between species that are otherwise similar. Most segregation takes place by habitat preference ex: Lack's passerines (small birds) share fairly similar lifestyles, most segregation takes place by habitat preference - ANSWER- Resource segregation
summarizes the environmental factors that influence the growth, survival, and reproduction of species. All factors necessary for its existence. Very important when talking about interspecific competition - ANSWER- Niche
most complete way of thinking about niche. n= number of environmental factors important to survival and reproduction of the species. Niche is multidimensional - ANSWER- GE Hutchinson n-dimensional hypervolume
Intraspecific competition because their resources/niche space overlap completely where interspecific competition only overlaps a small part of each other's total requirements for survival - ANSWER- Which type of competition tends to be more fierce/costly?
reason for competition (+/-) not to get confused with competition which is (-/-) - ANSWER- Ultimate payoff
a system of classifying and naming species for the purpose of understanding and establishing relatedness between species or larger groupings
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species - ANSWER- Taxonomic hierarchy
Genus and Species - ANSWER- What words are used to name the individual type of organism?
used to further describe refinement of groupings above and below a certain level - ANSWER- Super and Sub prefixes
biological, morphological, phylogenetic - ANSWER- 3 criteria for designating species: Boys Make Pasta
differences in size, shape, or other morphological features indicate that the two groups are different species. In order to be different the populations must have been apart long enough Problem: traits are often subjective. Differences seen between organisms may represent variation within the species, the effects of genetic drift, mutations, and/or natural selection - ANSWER- Morphospecies concept
reconstruction of evolutionary history of populations. Takes into account variety of traits in order to establish relatedness between groups, and distinction between them. - ANSWER- Phylogentic species concept
a branching diagram that depicts relatedness/distinction among groups - ANSWER- Phylogenetic tree
represent a population through time - ANSWER- branches of phylogenetic tree
are points in time when an ancestral group split into 2 or more descendent groups - ANSWER- Nodes on a phylogenetic tree
traits are similar due to other reasons the common ancestry - ANSWER- Homoplasy
When a group emigrates from an area, and they are isolated long enough to have allele changes that eventually lead to a new species being created - ANSWER- Dispersal
If populations can interbreed and produce young, but the hybrid species have suppressed fitness, then selection would favor those that do not interbreed - ANSWER- Reinforcement of Species
Areas where 2 populations overlap and hybrids exist. Can be small or large, short lived or long lived - ANSWER- Hybrid Zones
If traits from a blend of two parents are created, then a new species may be created after genes are passed on for many generations. - ANSWER- New Species Through Hybridization
When a population is divided by a change in geological landscape. If the sub populations remain separated long enough, allele frequencies will change enough to call them separate species. - ANSWER- Vicariance
Separated by some physical barrier - ANSWER- Allopatric Speciation
Two descriptive words given to identify a species. First word is capitalized and the second word is lower case. The name is in italics. - ANSWER- Binomial Nomenclautre
Prevention of individuals from mating. Five reasons why: 1.) Temporal: Breeding at different times 2.) Difference in Habitat 3.) Behavioral: Different courtship display 4.) Gametic Barrier: Incompatible egg and sperm 5.) Mechanical: Incompatible genitalia - ANSWER- Prezygotic Isolation
Ancestor and not all of its descendants - ANSWER- Paraphyletic Group
Ancestor and all its descendants - ANSWER- Monophyletic Group
Offspring of individuals do not survive, or they cannot reproduce - ANSWER- Postzygotic Isolation
Offspring mature, but they are sterile (Ex: Mules) - ANSWER- Hybrid Sterility
Of a phylogenetic tree, a representation of a species, regardless of whether they are living or extinct - ANSWER- Terminal Nodes
Offspring die as embryos - ANSWER- Hybrid Viability
Biological, Morphological, and Phylogenetic - ANSWER- What are the criteria for designating a species?
If two populations do not interbreed by nature or do not produce viable offspring, they are separate species. - ANSWER- Biological Species Concept
An evolutionary independent group. Mutations, selection, and genetic drift act on the group independently of what's happening in other groups. - ANSWER- Species
5 Kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Plantae, Animalia, and Fungi
3 Domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya - ANSWER- How many kingdoms are there? How many domains are there?
Created a set of rules for naming plants and animals, classifying over 12,000 species - ANSWER- Carolus Linnaeus
p+q= 1.0 (allele frequencies) p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1.0 (combined genotypic frequencies) - ANSWER- Hardy Weinberg equation
p and q are always the same generation after generation - ANSWER- H-W says
Random mating
- Any change in allele frequency is due to chance.
- Allele frequencies are constantly drifting up and down over time.
- Allele changes are not adaptive
- Drift is most effective in small populations (know Bottlenecks and Founder events/effects)
- Drift can lead to the fixation or loss of alleles
- Genetic drift does not increase allele frequency distribution in a population. In other words, drift cannot increase the diversity of alleles in a population, it only changes the relative abundance of existing alleles within a population. - ANSWER- Keys to understanding genetic drift:
No, can't increase allele diversity, it only changes the relative abundance of existing alleles within a pop - ANSWER- Does genetic drift increase allele diversity in a population?
movement of individuals and their alleles from one population to another. Results in equilibrating allele frequencies between pops, makes pops look more alike genetically.
One of two ways to increase allele diversity/ allele frequency distribution - ANSWER- Gene flow
1.) gene flow 2.) mutation - ANSWER- 2 ways to increase allele diversity/allele frequency distribution:
Assortative, Inbreeding, Sexual selection - ANSWER- Non- random mating
an individual is more likely to mate with another that is similar in phenotype to itself ex: people, plants, blister beetles(females mate with males closest to their size) - ANSWER- Assortative mating
mating of individuals that share recent common ancestor ex: cheetahs so similar that they experience inbreeding depression - ANSWER- Inbreeding
Loss of fitness as homozygosity increases and heterozygosity decreases. Individuals are likely to share alleles they inherited from their common ancestor
Evolution doesn't occur here since allele frequency doesn't change - ANSWER- Inbreeding depression
No, because allele frequency is not changing, only genotypes do - ANSWER- Does evolution occur with inbreeding depression?
special case of natural selection that favors individuals with traits that increase their ability to obtain mates
Acts on males more than females since females are typically the higher investment sex
Females choose males that appear healthy, wealthy, wise - ANSWER- Sexual selection
females will often choose males with good alleles
Bright colors, body maintenance, showier, larger, have more resources or willingness to provide resources, care for young, defend territories - ANSWER- female choice
males compete with one another for mate. Typically biggest and strongest are ones that get mates. - ANSWER- Male-male competition
tendency of the two sexes of a species to look different
Not all sexual dimorphism is due to sexual selection - ANSWER- Sexual dimorphism
something that happens that causes a founder group to migrate away - ANSWER- Founder event
all the problems the pop runs into by having a smaller pop ex: genetic drift - ANSWER- Founder effect
Mating a homozygous dominant individual with a homozygous recessive individual which generates four heterozygous individuals. When two heterozygotes reproduce, a 3:1 ratio of dominant to recessive is produced. - ANSWER- Monohybrid Cross
Chloroplasts with chlorophyll a, b, and beta-carotene in green algae and all land plants
Multiple membrane layers in the chloroplast, which have thylacoids inside
Cellulose cell wall
Starch as an energy storage product - ANSWER- What are the main characteristics of Kingdom Plantae?
The primary cell wall is the outermost cell wall and the secondary cell wall is closer to the inside. - ANSWER- Primary Cell Wall vs Secondary Cell Wall
Wavelength resource limitation under water
CO2 becoming less available under water
Evidence of early competition for energy sources in the aquatic environment
New niches - ANSWER- Conditions Leading to the Evolution of Plantae
Evidence for competition for energy sources in the aquatic environment.
They are in multicellular algae which helps them reach areas with more light - ANSWER- Elongated Cells
Evidence of early competition for energy sources in the aquatic environment.
Contractile fibers and Cytoplasmic Streaming distribute energy products and gases within different parts of larger cells, elongated cells, and also between cells of multicellular organisms.
Cytoplasmic streaming means the cytoplasm is moving and not stationary - ANSWER- Increased Contractile Fibers and Cytoplasmic Streaming
Cellulose, silicon, and calcium carbonate - ANSWER- What was used by photosynthetic protists to strengthen their cell membranes against predation
1.) Unfiltered sunlight 2.) CO2 more available 3.) Freedom from heterotrophs - ANSWER- Resources/Benefits for Plants Living on Land
1.) Dehydration 2.) Support structure 3.) Transport of water 4.) Transport of sugars 5.) Sexual reproduction 6.) Exposure to harmful ultraviolet radiation - ANSWER- Drawbacks for Plants Living on Land
Purely aquatic, simple plants with no major adaptation for existence on land (e.g. green algae) - ANSWER- Non-vascular plant without cuticle
Parts of plants out of water have a cuticle that gives dehydration resistance, but they lack support structure and vascular tissue. - ANSWER- Non-vascular plant with cuticle
A stage in life for plants in which reproduction is the primary focus. This is prevalent in non- vascular plants with cuticles. - ANSWER- Gametophyte
Bryophyta, which are mosses. Additionally, they were the first land plants, but they are not the ancestors of higher plants - ANSWER- What is the largest phylum of non-vascular plants with cuticles?
They possess vascular tissue, and they can grow to great heights, reaching above the non- vascular plants to compete for sunlight
