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BIO 103 FINAL MADHU EXAM
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what are the main tropic levels in an ecological community? - correct answer producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, decomposers role of the organism: producers - correct answer produces its own food through photosynthesis example of producer - correct answer plants (grass/tree) role of the organism: primary consumer - correct answer organisms that feed directly on plants, obtaining energy and nutrients from them (consumers producers) example of primary consumers - correct answer herbivores (rabbit, caterpillars, mice) role of the organism: secondary consumers - correct answer organisms that prey on herbivores and obtain energy and nutrients by consuming other animals (consumes primary consumers) Example of secondary consumers - correct answer carnivores (lions, snakes) role of the organism: tertiary consumers - correct answer carnivores that feed on other carnivores---> occupy a higher trophic level in the food chain (consumes secondary consumers) example of tertiary consumers - correct answer humans, eagles, foxes, sharks role of the organism: decomposers - correct answer break apart dead organisms into simpler inorganic material, making nutrients available to primary producers
Example of decomposers - correct answer worms, slugs, insects, bacteria, fungi how does the biomass/ number of organisms change as we go up the trophic chain?
- correct answer decreases as we go up Why do the biomass/ number of organisms change as we go up in thropic levels? - correct answer - energy decreases= fewer organisms
- organisms tend to be larger in size at higher tropic levels but the smaller numbers result in less biomass Generally, what do the arrows connecting the different species or tropic levels in a community represent? - correct answer food energy being passed along the levels What are the 3 main categories of species interactions? - correct answer competition, exploitation, mutualism types of interactions under competition species interaction? - correct answer - infraspecific
- interspecific defintion of competition species interaction? - correct answer multiple organisms seek the same limited resources definition of intraspecific competition? - correct answer occurs among individuals of the same species definition of interspecific competition? - correct answer occurs between indivudals for access to females during the mating season example of intraspecific competition? - correct answer Two male deer fighting for a mate
defintion of parasitism? - correct answer a relationship in which one organism parasite depends on host for nourishment---> parasite harms but does not kill the host example of parasitism? - correct answer Tick and a dog: the tick gets food and the dog gets an allergic reaction to the tick defintion of herbivory? - correct answer a type of predation where animals consume plant tissue example of herbivory? - correct answer Cow eating grass what does herbivory affect? - correct answer growth and reproduction What is competition? - correct answer the struggle between organisms to survive as they attempt to use the same limited resources how does competition affect the organisms involved in a competitive interaction? - correct answer Resource limitation, adaptation and evolution, population dynamics, species distribution and community structure, ecological succession example of what competition would be about? - correct answer food, water, space, sunlight, mates, etc What are exploitative interactions? - correct answer Relationships are where one organism benefits and another suffers examples of exploitation? - correct answer predation, parasitism, herbivory how do exploitative interactions affect the organisms involved in the exploitative interaction? - correct answer results in ups and downs for both organisms--- # of exploiters increases the number of exploited will decrease which = a decrease in exploiters...
What is mutualism? - correct answer two or more species benefit from their interactions how does mutualism affect the organisms involved in a competitive interaction? - correct answer each partner provides a service the other needs (food, protection, housing)---> helps offset some stress of competition What were the changes to the ecological community in Yellowstone National Park after the reintroduction of wolves? - correct answer - Biodiversity is enriched and strengthened, and scavenger species reap the benefits of regular, wolf-supplied meals
- Elk #s dropped and beaver colonies increased from 1-12; insects, songbirds, fish, and amphibians thrive
- Coyote #s dropped by half, allowing antelope, rodent, and fox populations to increase What are trophic cascades? - correct answer Changes in the dynamics of any species' population can cause cascading disasters to the whole community How does the role of keystone species relate to trophic cascades? - correct answer A keystone species has a dramatic effect on an ecosystem and community disproportionate to its abundance. abundance= - correct answer low What is the role of ecosystem engineers? - correct answer physically modify the environment Identify a species in Kentucky that is an ecosystem engineer. What is its role? - correct answer Wild pigs: damage native ecosystems like wetlands, forests, and prairies and cause a decrease in biological diversity and facilitate the spreads of invasive species examples of ecosystem engineers in a few other ecosystems... - correct answer - Burrowing animals that create tunnels usable by many species
What are the main features of primary succession? - correct answer Occurs after a disturbance removes all vegetation and soil life (glaciers, drying of lakes, volcanic eruption, strip mining) What type of species are responsible for primary succession? - correct answer pioneer species example of pioneer species? - correct answer lichen, fungi, algae (don't need much nutrients) role of pioneer species? - correct answer Early colonizers produce organic matter, create soil, and hospitable conditions for other species What are the main features of secondary succession? - correct answer Occurs after a disturbance has removed much, but not all, of the biotic community What type of species are responsible for secondary succession? - correct answer - Soil still contains most of its nutrients and organic matter
- Seeds still exist in the soil role of secondary succession? - correct answer recolonize and rebuild the ecosystem after a disturbance (fire, hurricane, farming) What is the measure of productivity in an ecosystem? - correct answer - how much biomass is accumulated over time what is the role of nutrients in the ecosystem? - correct answer promote any element or molecule that organisms require to grow, survive, and reproduce What is eutrophication? - correct answer - Excessive amounts of nutrients (nitrogen/phosphorus in a water body cause an overgrowth of algae process of eutrophication? - correct answer increased primary production ---> increased detritus ---> increased decomposition ---> loss of oxygen
what is the impact of eutrophication on the ecosystem? - correct answer hypoxia (depletion of O2), loss of fish, anoxia (no O2) What are the main factors that are changing the carbon cycles? - correct answer A reduction in emissions of carbon dioxide or greenhouse gases made to compensate for or offset an emission made elsewhere How do biogeochemical cycles affect human well-being? - correct answer Can increase the vulnerability of biodiversity, food security, human health, and water quality What factor impacted the biogeochemical cycles in the Chesapeake Bay? - correct answer - Overharvesting of oysters
- Nutrient pollution
- economic decline effects of overharvesting of oysters? - correct answer altered community composition nutrient pollution?= - correct answer altered biogeochemical cycles --> severe reduction in oyster production --> altered community composition and ecosystem function and ecosystem services What is the definition of evolution? - correct answer Change in the average value of the heritable trait in populations over one or more generations What is biological fitness? - correct answer - Measured by the number of fertile offspring produced in the lifetime of an individual
- Gene pool: all of the genes in a population How do DNA and genes fit into the process of evolution? - correct answer - mutation
- genetic drift
What is artificial selection? - correct answer Mechanism of evolution under domestication What factors allow artificial selection? - correct answer - Variation of populations, control in reproduction, identification of desirable traits
- Humans 'select" desired traits and "weed out" undesired traits What is the idea of common decent? - correct answer Any group of organisms will share a most recent common ancestor example of common decent? - correct answer Species that lived in the past are ancestors of the species existing today What is the idea of decent with modification? - correct answer Within population: each generation is different from the previous and species change over time example of decent with modification? - correct answer fossils resemble living species from the same region and other living species resemble other species from nearby regions my brother and I have... - correct answer common decent (share parents) shorter than my brother= - correct answer decent with modification brother and i share parents... - correct answer common ancestor (share parents)= common What were the observations that Darwin made about tortoises and finches in the Galapagos? - correct answer - Tortoises: each island has a different-looking population of tortoises
- Finches: 15 species of closely related seed-eating birds different in beak size/ shape and body shape
under what conditions does natural selection occur? - correct answer Heritable traits, variation in traits, not all individuals are equally successful at survival and reproduction Describe how advantageous traits increase via natural selection... - correct answer Success is because of having certain heritable traits, which are passed onto their offspring What do you understand by the statement "selection acts on traits, not on genes"? - correct answer acts on physical appearance, anatomy, physiology, and behavior What do you understand by the statement "Natural selection does not breed the perfect organism"? - correct answer It breeds organisms that have the combo of traits that works for the given environment at the given time What is an adaptation? - correct answer The trait that provides higher fitness to the individual in a specific environment example of adaptation? - correct answer plants in the desert have gradually adjusts do the arid climate What is the difference between evolution and selection? - correct answer Selection is the peppered moth blending into the tree which is their camouflage and evolution with the moths is the type of environment they are living in What are the conditions for sexual selection to occur? - correct answer different individuals have different reproductive successes because of access to mates How is sexual selection different from natural selection? - correct answer success is because of having certain heritable traits Why are natural selection and sexual selection considered opposing forces? - correct answer Ornaments and armaments are costly
What are autoimmune disorders? - correct answer The immune system attacks the body's tissues what are allergies? - correct answer The immune system attacks harmless substances and mounts an immune response against non-pathogens why are autoimmune conditions and allergies on the rise in westernized populations? - correct answer changes in lifestyle, hygiene practices, and environmental exposures Explain the difference between a symptom and an adaptation in the context of disease... - correct answer Because the fever is an adaptive defence against the pathogen treating the fever will make the infection worse Describe the evidence that determines whether fever is a symptom or an adaptation... - correct answer Because the fever is an adaptive defence against the pathogen treating the fever will make the infection worse Describe the factors involved in the evolution of antibiotic resistance... - correct answer - A patient takes antibiotics and kills most of the infection, but not all because they did not finish the antibiotic
- Some bacterial cells remain and a few cells become resistant
- Immune system suppression takes place and bacteria multiple
- The antibiotic no longer works What are viruses? - correct answer tiny infectious agents that can only replicate inside the cells of living organisms What is the activity in the host cell of a virus? - correct answer involves taking over the cell's machinery to replicate and produce more viruses. What are vaccines? - correct answer Antigens are made from disease organisms so they can start an active immunity without casing disease.
How do vaccines work? - correct answer - The vaccine inserts dead or weakened pathogens to produce a primary immune response
- binds to the virus with that particular protein What is a hypothesis? - correct answer a testable prediction/ educated guess What is a theory? - correct answer a well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations What is a fact? - correct answer an objective and verifiable observation What is a law? - correct answer the rules and regulations made and enforced by government that regulate the conduct of people within a society What are the essential features or components of a properly designed experiment? - correct answer Observe a phenomenon —> ask a question —> develop a hypothesis —> make predictions —> design experiment —> implement experiment/collect data —> analyze results then interpret results Independent variable? - correct answer variable that is manipulated Dependent variable? - correct answer The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested. What is a controlled variable? - correct answer variable that stays the same how is a controlled variable different from a control? - correct answer The control is an unmanipulated point of comparison and it is a level of the independent variable What are the characteristics of an organism? - correct answer - energy
- cells
- genetic material (DNA)
What are amino acids? - correct answer building blocks of proteins (monomers of proteins) What are the monomers of nucleic acids? - correct answer nucleotides Name the five nucleotides... - correct answer Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine, Uracil which nucleotides are found in DNA? - correct answer (A), (T), (C), G) which nucleotides are found in RNA? - correct answer (A), (U), (C), (G) which nucleotides are found in both DNA/RNA? - correct answer (A), (C), (G) What is the cell theory? - correct answer All living things are made up of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, new cells are produced from existing cells What are the primary components of a cell? - correct answer DNA, RNA, ribosomes, proteins, amino acids, nucleotides plant cells? - correct answer 1) have cell wall 2) have chlorophyll/chloroplasts 3) have membrane-bound organelle 4) linear DNA 5) undergo mitosis 6) have a nucleus prokaryotic cell? - correct answer 1) no nucleus 2) peptidoglycan cell wall 3) lack membrane-bound organelle 4) cells are smaller 5) circular DNA 6) undergo binary fission animal cell? - correct answer 1) have nucleus 2) lack a cell wall 3) have membrane- bound organelle 4) do not have chloroplasts 5) cells are larger 6) linear DNA 7) undergo mitosis Where is DNA in prokaryotes? - correct answer nucleoid region
Where is DNA in eukaryotes? - correct answer nucleus Golgi apparatus - correct answer - modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for export by the cell
- series of flattened membranous sacs Endoplasmic reticulum - correct answer - transports proteins and lipids
- series of interconnected membranes Nucleus - correct answer - Control center of the cell
- contains dense network of fine fibrous called chromatine
- contains nucleic acids Chloroplasts - correct answer - Capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell
- oval/found in plant cells Mitochondria - correct answer - Powerhouse of the cell
- outer membrane surrounds a highly folded inner membrane where chemical activity occurs
- has ribosomes and DNA Plasma membrane - correct answer - A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells
- made up of phospholipid bilayer (polar head and hydrophilic tails that face each other keeping water out) Cytoplasm - correct answer - protein synthesis, energy production, signal transduction, transportation of metabolites and molecules from organelles across the cell
- eukaryotes, animal, and plant cells
Heterotrophs? - correct answer An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products. Glycolysis - correct answer the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid. Citric Acid Cycle - correct answer Completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide. Fermentation - correct answer Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen The light cycle of photosynthesis - correct answer using light and ATP to produce sugar Calvin's cycle of photosynthesis - correct answer - CO2 is converted to 3-carbon sugar with the aid of specialized enzymes Similarities of DNA and RNA? - correct answer nucleic acids, are composed of nucleotides, have a sugar-phosphate backbone, have four different types of bases, have a pentose sugar, have a phosphate group, are formed in a condensation reaction. Differences between DNA and RNA? - correct answer DNA has deoyribose, thymine, and is double-stranded. RNA has ribose, uracil, and is single-stranded Describe the structure of the DNA. - correct answer double-stranded sugar phosphate helix found in the nucleus of cells What are the steps in Gene expression / Central Dogma? - correct answer mRNA must be produced
Transcription? - correct answer RNA polymerase writes down the genetic recipe from the DNA onto the RNA Translation? - correct answer - The ribosome reads mRNA; tRNA enters the ribosome
- Produces a polypeptide chain What is the role of mRNA in the Central Dogma? - correct answer To carry message from DNA to ribosomes about DNA genetic recipe. What is the role of ribosomes in the Central Dogma? - correct answer Ribosomes play a key role in translating the information carried by mRNA into proteins What is the role of tRNA in the Central Dogma? - correct answer Process anticodons which pair with mRNA codon. carries specific amino acid. Codons? - correct answer - A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA
- specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal Anticodon? - correct answer group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon What is the purpose of mitosis? - correct answer - cell regeneration, growth, and asexual reproduction
- somatic cells What's the purpose of meiosis? - correct answer - Type of nuclear division which divides chromosomes
- Takes place only in germline cells 2n=10 - correct answer diploid cell with 10 chromosomes n=5 - correct answer haploid cell with 5 unique characteristics
