Download Bio 1200 Final Exam Study Guide and more Study Guides, Projects, Research Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
Bio 1200 Final Exam Study Guide
1. Monomer: A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers
2. Biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
3. Carbohydrates monomer and polymer: monosaccharide, polysaccharide, fast storage of energy
4. lipids monomer and polymer: fatty acids and triglycerides, made up of glycerol and fatty acid, long storage of
energy
5. proteins monomers and polymers: amino acids and polypeptides
6. DNA codes for: proteins
7. Enzymes are made up of: proteins
8. Neucleic acids monomers and polymers: Neucleotides, DNA and RNA
9. Allele: Ditterent forms of a gene
10. Pre-Mendelian Concepts of Heredity: -preformation (Medieval)
-blending inheritance (Lamarck and Darwin) -Pangenesis (Darwin and Lamarck) acquired traits summaries of body cells passed to reproductive organs
11. blending inheritance: An outdated, disreputed theory that the phenotype of an ottspring was a uniform blend of the
parent's phenotypes.
12. Why did Mendel study pea plants?: They reproduce sexually and have many traits that are easy to observe.
13. Virus: A tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell.
14. Virus Host Range: number of species that particular virus can infect For Example TMV can affect many plant species
while HIV can only affect humans
15. Structure of a virus: 1- Protein coat that protects the virus 2-
An inner core made of DNA/RNA Some have a Viral envelope
16. Capsid: Outer protein coat of a virus
17. differences in viruses: Host Range, Structure, Genome
18. virus genome: double or single stranded DNA or RNA (NOT both), linear or circular
19. viral reproductive cycle: 1. Attachment
2. Entry
3. Integration
4. Synthesis of viral components
5. Viral assembly
6. Release
20. lysogenic cycle: a viral reproductive cycle in which the viral DNA is added to the host cell's DNA and is copied along
with the host cell's DNA
2. Degradative plasmids
3. Col-plasmids
4. Virulence plasmids
5. Fertility plasmids (F factors)
32. Reproduction of bacteria and archaea: binary fission, reproduction is very fast,
33. binary fission: A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of
the same size
34. Genetic transfer in bacteria: -Allows for genetic recombination
-Three major types:
- Conjugation -Transduction:virus transfers genetic info from one bacteria to another -Transformation:DNA from another environment is taken up by another bacteria
35. Genetic diversity in bacteria is caused by..: Spontaneous mutations and genetic transfer
36. F factor: A fertility factor in bacteria; a DNA segment that confers the ability to form pili for conjugation and associated
functions required for the transfer of DNA from donor to recipient. It may exist as a plasmid or be integrated into the bacterial chromosome.
37. hemizygous: A gene present on the X chromosome that is expressed in males in both the recessive and
dominant condition
38. Plants inherit their chloroplast DNA from their....: mother
39. A person with a AB blood type is an example of...: codominance
40. A person with a B blood type can have which genotype: BO and BB
41. A person with the genotype XXXXXY will have how many Bharr Bodies: 4
42. What Organelles exhibit Extraneuclear inheritance: Chloroplast and Mitochondria
43. Polygenic traits are: determined by more than one gene
44. Lamarck influenced Darwin by his idea of: Animals having felt needs
45. transitional forms have traits from: Their ancestors and descendants
46. A viral capsid is made up of: proteins
47. Are viruses alive?: nope
48. What does reverse transcriptase do?: makes DNA from RNA
49. Protons are found in the_ and electrons are found in the_: Neucleus and orbitals
50. A C-H bond would be: nonpolar
51. A C-O bond would be: polar
52. An atom that has 16 electrons will have how many valence electrons: 6
53. sterioisomers: Same formula, same connections, ditterent arrangement in space
ls.
circulatory
system,
binding and
initia-
63. A cell in a hypertonic solution will: shrink and water will exit
64. A cell in a hypotonic solution will: swell and water will enter
65. A non competitive enzyme inhibitor will bind to which site: The Allosteric Site
66. An atom that gains an electron is: reduced
67. What are the products of glycolysis: 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
68. Transcription takes place in the_ and translation takes place in: neucleus and
ribosomes
69. What is an envelope virus?: virus that has stolen cell membrane from host cell
70. What does a virus do in your body: take over the host cells and replicates
71. Structural arrangement of a virus: a capsid surrounding a nucleic acid sequence
72. autocrine signaling: cells respond to signaling substances that they themselves secrete
74. endocrine signaling: Specialized cells release hormone molecules into vessels of the by which
they travel to target cells in other parts of the body.
75. Enzyme-linked receptors: participate in cell signaling through extracellular ligand tion of
second messenger cascades
73. paracrine signaling: Signal released from a cell has an ettect on neighboring cel
76. Ligand-gated receptors: activated by the binding of specific molecule or neurotransmitter
77. GPCR: G-protein coupled receptor
78. alternative splicing: Splicing of introns in a pre-mRNA that occurs in ditterent ways, leading to ditterent mRNAs
that code for ditterent proteins or protein isoforms. Increases the diversity of proteins.
79. X-linked traits: genes located on the X chromosomes, more common in men than women, ex. hemophilia and
colorblindness
80. extranuclear inheritance: inheritance of traits determined by factors outside of nucleus
81. Integration occurs when: The viral genes are incorporated into the host cell's genome
82. When organelles associate with each other in a highly organized fashion, they
form: Cells
83. Which of the following is hydrophobic?
a.)Protein
b.)Polysaccharide
c.)Disaccharide
d.)Steroid: d.) Steroid
84. integral proteins: penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer, aid in transport of materials
85. What is used during the Calvin Cycle?: CO2, ATP, NADPH
86. product of calvin cycle: G3P (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate)
99. What is the role of ATP synthase?: It uses a hydrogen ion gradient to make ATP
100. Photosynthesis:
Light Reactions Where? What goes in? (source of electrons? Source of energy?) What is produced? Dark Reactions / Calvin Cycle
Where? What goes in? (source of carbon? Source of energy?) What is produced?: Light reactions Where: Thylakoid What goes in: Sunlight, Co2, water what is produced: O Dark reactions/ Calvin cycle Where: Stroma What goes in: Co2 (Energy from ATP and NADPH) What is produced: Glucose
101. Is DNA replicated between Meiosis I and Meiosis 2?: NO
102. What is the function of microtubules in cell division?: Form the mitotic spindle
103. What is aneuploidy?: Alteration in number of a particular chromosome pair Often
results from non-disjunction
104. What are the steps of mitosis in order?: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
105. What organelles have their own genome: mitochondria and chloroplasts
106. Which genes are more likely to recombine: Genes that are farther away are more likely to recombine
then the ones that are closer
107. polygenic traits: traits controlled by two or more genes
108. vestigial structures: A structure that is present in an organism but no longer serves its original purpose
122. natural selection: A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environ- ment.
123. Osmosis: dittusion of water
124. Enzymes help to what?: Enzymes help to speed up chemical reactions
125. Three domains of life: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
126. test cross: the crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine
the unknown genotype
127. Classification levels: Atoms- smallest unit of everything
Molecules- two or more atoms Cells- complex systems, the smallest unit of life Tissues- cells working together to perform a common function Organs- Tissues working together to perform a common function Organism- stuff like the nervous system or the digestive system, multiple organs working together Population- members of one species in an area Community- a group of interacting populations Ecosystem- the populations and how they act with their physical environment Biosphere- everything everywhere all at once, plus temp and stuff like that
128. What defines life?: Growth
Reproduction Responsiveness
129. Dissect the element: Protons=
Electrons=
130. Isotopes: Atoms of the same element that have ditterent numbers of neutrons
131. Ions: positively and negatively charged atoms
132. Cation: A positively charged ion
133. Anion: A negatively charged ion
134. Isomers: Two ditterent molecules that have the same chemical formula
135. Electronegativity: A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons
136. Covalent bonds are: sharing of electrons
137. what are viral spike glycoproteins used for?: the attachment, entry, and fusion of the virus
138. stages of viral replication: attachment, entry, synthesis, assembly, release
139. which type of molecules can cross a cell membrane: Smaller non polar molecules such as O2 and
CO
140. Three types of enzyme inhibitors are....: Competitive, noncompetitive, and uncompetitive
141. passive transport: the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell
142. active transport: the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy
143. cell theory: idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living
things, and new cells are produced from existing cells
Neutrons=4-2=
1st shell is filled with no valence electrons
