Biodiversity: Species, Genetics, and Ecosystems - Exam Prep, Exams of Biology

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common ancestor

BIO 1500 chapter 6

1. Some measurements of biodiversity include numbers of species, genetic diversity, chemical diversity, and ecosystem diversity (TRUE OR FALSE): TRUE
2. biology is the discipline that seeks to preserve life: con- servation
3. species into different habitats: radiate
4. Product of a complex - > rapid (couple million years) branching of a phylogenetic clade into many closely related species through speciation.: adaptive radiation
5. What is a clade?: Grouping of organisms that are monophyletic - that is, composed of a and all its lineal descendants - on a phylogenetic tree
6. Perch population grew by consuming cichlids, driving 200 species to point of

: extinction

7. is a natural process that has been occurring since life first evolved: Extinction
8. Extinction is a natural process of (rate of 1 million species/year): macroevolution
9. record reveals that there have been periods of mass in history with much higher rates of species loss: fossil, 5, extinction
10. Rate of species loss today is comparable to those periods of mass extinction (TRUE OR FALSE): TRUE
11. The major difference in cause between the previous mass extinctions and the current extinction is...: human activity.

18. describes number of species and their abundance: Biodiver- sity
19. diversity : raw material for evolution and adaptation in a species. Sum of various alleles within a species or a population.: genetic
20. What type of diversity allows greater potential for subsequent evolution?: - genetic
21. Diversity thrives when genes are lost (TRUE OR FALSE): FALSE: gets hampered
22. diversity: different species produce different chemicals in

15. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS::

16. Differentiate between macroevolution and microevolution?:
17. : one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by and are found at the same place on a : allele, mutations, chromosome

their cells, proteins & products of metabolism: chemical

23. diversity: number of different ecosystems on the planet or within a given geographic area.: Ecosystem
24. comprises individual genetic variation within a population, along with genet- ic variation between populations...: genetic diversity
25. variety of species in an ecosystem or across biosphere... The US. Endangered species act (ESA) defines endangered species as one that is in danger of Threatened species are those considered likely to become in near future: species diversity, extinction, endangered
26. What are the 3 levels of biodiversity?: genetic, species, ecosystem

...: latitudinal diversity gradient.

33. One of the oldest observed patterns in ecology is that species biodiver- sity in almost every taxonomic group increases as latitude ; closer to the equator: declines, increases
34. TROPICAL REGIONS (near equator)

• : more time for speciation
• Increased direct energy
• Stable : promotes speciation into many highly specialized niches (Heterogeneity)
• more opportunities for speciation and coevolution (evolu- tion of two interacting species each in response to selection imposed by the

other): Older, solar, climate, Heterogeneity

35. TEMPERATE AND POLAR REGIONS:

• ; were devoted from life during last glaciation
• direct solar energy
• Less , seasonal variations in climate and day-length

39. Briefly explain and name the 4th extinction:: Triassic-Jurassic: not clear but arguments on climate change, asteroid impact, and volcanic eruptions
40. Which extinction is the best understood? What was the cause? What did it mark the disappearance of?: - 5th End-Cretaceous extinct

• impact of a large meteorite, or asteroid OR extensive volcanism about same time
• dinosaurs in fossils

41. Extinction, North American, and to some degree Eurasian, —large vertebrate animals—disappeared toward the end of the last glaciation period (10,000-12,000 years ago): woolly mammoths, mastodon, giant beavers, saber-toothed cats: Pleistocene, megafauna
42. Pleistocene extinctions correlated with the arrival of - , 40,000 years ago: paleo-humans

43. What is the 6th massive extinction? what was it due to?: pleistocene, largely due to disruptive activities of Homo sapiens
44. Extinction is a normal part of microevolution (TRUE OR FALSE): FALSE: macroevolu- tion
45. Plants produce secondary compounds, toxins used to protect the plant from insects and other animals that eat them, can be used ad drugs/med- icines: plant
46. , responsible for extraordinary improvements in health and lifespans, are derived from fungi and bacteria

49. in addition to growing crops and raising animals for food, humans obtain food resources from cpopulations, primarily populations: wild, fish
50. Loss of an inexpensive protein source to populations that cannot afford to replace it will increase the ...: cost of living
51. List some benefits of biodiversity (4):: - human health

• agricultural diversity
• wild food sources
• psychological and moral value

52. Humans rely on to modify their environment and replace certain functions that were once performed by the natural ecosystem.: technology
53. What is the greatest threat to biodiversity?: Human alteration of habitat is the greatest threat to biodiversity
54. Whales, slow-growing populations, are at risk of complete extinction

through The groupers, in the Caribbean, includes several species at risk of extinction from : hunting, overfishing.

55. species: non-native species intentionally or unintentionally in- troduced into an ecosystem in which they did not : exotic

earth's surfaceà - > : heat, global warming

59. Carbon cycle altered by increase of which also increase ocean ; (forests and oceans are C sinks): CO2, acidification
60. trend shifts colder climates toward the poles, forcing species to move and face other species: Warming
61. Global warming will raise (meltwater from glaci- ers and greater volume of warmer water). Shorelines will be inundated, reduc- ing island size, which will affect some species: ocean levels
62. : major tool in biodiversity protection (11% of Earth's land surface): preserves
63. Habitat improve biodiversity of degraded ecosystems. Reintro-

ducing wolves, a top predator, to Yellowstone National Park in 1995 led to dramatic changes in the ecosystem that increased biodiversity: restorations

64. International treaties such as - regulate the transportation of endangered species: CITES
65. Explain adaptive radiation:: Adaptive radiation is when one species rapidly diversifies into many different species to exploit various ecological niches or environments.
66. A mass extinction is defined as .: a loss of 50 percent of species.