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END OF PAGE When does the tricuspid valve close? - ANSWERS-When the right ventricle contracts When does the tricuspid valve open? - ANSWERS-diastole when does the pulmonary semilunar valve open? - ANSWERS- when does the pulmonary semilunar valve close? - ANSWERS- When does the bicuspid valve close? - ANSWERS-When the left ventricle contracts When does the mitral valve open? - ANSWERS-When ventricular pressure drops below atrial pressure When do the semilunar valves open? - ANSWERS-when the pressure in the ventricles exceeds the pressure in the arteries When do the semilunar valves close? - ANSWERS--When the pressure in the arteries is greater than the pressure in the ventricles
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- when ventricles contract pulmonary gas circuit - ANSWERS-carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the heart systemic circuit - ANSWERS-carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body pulmonary gas exchange - ANSWERS-movement of gases between lungs and blood systemic gas exchange - ANSWERS-movement of respiratory gases between blood in systemic capillaries and systemic cells Conduction system of the heart - ANSWERS-SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers EKG waves - ANSWERS-P: atrial activity
END OF PAGE blood vessels - ANSWERS-arteries, veins, capillaries highest pressure - ANSWERS-the arteries lowest pressure - ANSWERS-Large veins Layers of vessel walls - ANSWERS-1. tunica intima
- tunica media
- tunica externa tunica intima (interna) - ANSWERS-- endothelium and basement membrane always present
- internal elastic lamina may be present tunica media - ANSWERS-middle layer of artery; made up of smooth muscle fibers tunica externa - ANSWERS-outer layer of a blood vessel which connects it to surrounding tissues - connective tissue
END OF PAGE structures of the larynx - ANSWERS-vocal folds, hyoid bone, epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage CO2 transported in blood in three forms - ANSWERS-- 7 to 10% dissolved in plasma
- 20% bound to globin of hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin)
- 70% transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in plasma O2 transport in blood - ANSWERS-98% - 99% of O2 is transported bound to hemoglobin what effects o2 binding to hemoglobin? - ANSWERS-Temp, ph , co2 , o vital capacity equation - ANSWERS-TV + IRV + ERV
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- sunburn epithelial tissue - ANSWERS-Tissue that covers outside of the body and lines organs and cavities. muscle tissue types - ANSWERS-skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle skeletal muscle - ANSWERS-a muscle that is connected to the skeleton to form part of the mechanical system that moves the limbs and other parts of the body. smooth muscle - ANSWERS-muscle tissue in which the contractile fibrils are not highly ordered, occurring in the gut and other internal organs and not under voluntary control. cardiac muscle - ANSWERS-Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart. anatomical positions - ANSWERS-supine, prone
END OF PAGE Planes of the body - ANSWERS-sagittal, frontal, transverse sagittal plane - ANSWERS-divides body into left and right frontal plane - ANSWERS-Divides the body into front and back portions. Transverse - ANSWERS-Divides body into upper and lower parts biological molecules - ANSWERS-carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids Organelles include: - ANSWERS-nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, gogli bodies, lysosomes Nucleus function - ANSWERS-The command center of the cell that contains the chromosomes or genetic material
END OF PAGE Homeostasis definition - ANSWERS-The maintenance of a constant internal environment positive feedback loop - ANSWERS-Causes a system to change further in the same direction. negative feedback loop - ANSWERS-A feedback loop that causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving Cellular Transport Mechanisms - ANSWERS--Diffusion
- Osmosis
- Facilitated Diffusion
- Active Transport
- Filtration
- Phagocytosis
- Pinocytosis active transport - ANSWERS-Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
END OF PAGE Filtration - ANSWERS-A process that separates materials based on the size of their particles. Diffusion - ANSWERS-Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Osmosis - ANSWERS-diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane facilitated diffusion (passive transport) - ANSWERS-movement of molecules across a membrane via transport proteins without energy from ATP hydrolysis Phagocytosis - ANSWERS-A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells Pincocytosis - ANSWERS-the cell takes in small droplets of extracellular fluid within small vesicles
END OF PAGE Endocardium function - ANSWERS-serves as protective inner lining of the chambers and valves/prevents clotting in the heart myocardium function - ANSWERS-provides muscular contractions that eject blood from the heart chambers Arteries conduct blood from the heart - ANSWERS-away Veins - conduct blood the heart - ANSWERS-towards Capillaries conducts blood through? - ANSWERS-The tissues and allows exchange of materials. Eosinophils - ANSWERS-involved in allergic response/orange staining. Neutrophils - ANSWERS-first responder to tissue injury platelet - ANSWERS-initiate clotting process
END OF PAGE Erythrocytes - ANSWERS--transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
- most numerous of formed elements Granulocytes - ANSWERS-neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils Agranulocytes - ANSWERS-lymphocytes and monocytes blood made up of - ANSWERS-plasma and formed elements Formed elements of blood - ANSWERS-blood cells and platelets Three hemostasis - ANSWERS-vasoconstriction-reduce blood flow platelet - activated with foreign substance blood clotting- fibrinogen clots Low pressure in the - ANSWERS-pulmonary circulation high pressure in the - ANSWERS-systemic circulation
END OF PAGE filtration occurs in the - ANSWERS-glomerulus and bowman's capsule Reabsorption occurs in - ANSWERS-proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct Organelles are - ANSWERS- Organs of the Urinary system - ANSWERS-kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra draw and label a kidney with the following terms: Cortex, Medulla, Pelvis, renal artery, renal vein, ureter, nephron - ANSWERS- functional unit of the kidney - ANSWERS-nephron 1 million per kidney! What parts make up the nephron? - ANSWERS-Renal corpuscle Renal tubule Glomerulus (capillaries that filter the blood plasma)
END OF PAGE Bowman's capsule (surrounds the glomerulus) Efferent arteriole loop of henle What is the glomerulus made of? - ANSWERS-capillaries Function of a nephron - ANSWERS-filter blood and produce urine Two nephron types - ANSWERS-juxtamedullary and cortical juxtamedullary nephrons - ANSWERS--Long nephron loops deeply invade medulla
- Ascending limbs have thick and thin segments
- Important in production of concentrated urine
- found at the boundary of the cortex and medulla cortical nephrons - ANSWERS--85% of all nephrons
- short nephron loops
END OF PAGE Status of water coming out of nephron loop? - ANSWERS-@ Lowest concentration (diluted) Process taking place in nephron loop? - ANSWERS-Countercurrent mechanism (dilutes the urine). Can also create concentrated urine from the Na+ absorbed in the ascending limb. tubular secretion - ANSWERS--selectively moves substances from blood to filtrate in renal tubules and collecting ducts
- From blood to tubular
- Usually in the distal tubule
- K+, H+, Uric acid, Penicillin are secreted Hormones that regulate kidney function - ANSWERS-directly : ADH Aldosterone ANH indirectly : Renin (created by kidney)
END OF PAGE Angiotensin Aldosterone function - ANSWERS--decreases sodium and water loss in urine by returning sodium and water to the blood Aldosterone: Target Cells - ANSWERS-kidneys ANH function - ANSWERS-Tells kidneys that blood volume is too high, so dumps out H20 and Na+ Effects of ADH - ANSWERS-increases reabsorption of water from urine back into plasma and therefore, decreases the volume of water that is excreted
- secreted by posterior pituitary gland
- when a person is dehydrated, hypothalamus makes them thirsty and retains more water because of the ADH flow of urine through kidney - ANSWERS-Glomerulus Bowmans Capsule Proximal convoluted tubule
