Download BIO 311C - SATA - EXAM 1 Questions and Answers and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
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Why study cellular and molecular biology? - Correct Answers ✅✅The connecting basis of all life is at the cellular and molecular level. DNA, RNA, proteins and the cellular mechanisms behind each of these form the fundamental basis of life. Many biological phenomena are better understood at the biochemical and molecular level. What are the 8 emergent properties of life? - Correct Answers ✅✅Reproduction Growth and Development Order and Structure Metabolism Respiration Response to environmental stimuli Adaptation and evolution Autonomous movement What is a model system? - Correct Answers ✅✅Because there are millions of living organisms, and we cannot study each one individually, so we use these selected organisms to study the mechanisms of life. It is a representative organism or cell type used for experiments. They are easy to grow, manipulate, and study. What are some common examples of model systems among prokaryotes? - Correct Answers ✅✅- E. coli
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- Salmonella What are some common examples of model systems among eukaryotes
- plants? - Correct Answers ✅✅• Arabidopsis
- Corn
- Rice What are some common examples of model systems among eukaryotes
- fungi? - Correct Answers ✅✅• Yeast What are some common examples of model systems among eukaryotes
- animals? - Correct Answers ✅✅• Fruit fly
- Nematode
- Mouse
- Zebra fish
- HeLa cells (human cell lines) In vivo - Correct Answers ✅✅Experiments used to study physiology, ecology of organisms under living conditions. Ex: rats, rabbits, plant tissue culture, etc. Can be holistic or reductionist
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molecular weight - Correct Answers ✅✅sum of the weight of all atoms in a molecule expressed in Daltons (Da) valence - Correct Answers ✅✅Refers to an atom's bonding capacity and is determined by how many unpaired valence electrons there are out of 8. Covalent bonds - Correct Answers ✅✅Occur when two atoms share a pair of electrons, stronger IMF Polar Covalent bonds - Correct Answers ✅✅Unequal sharing of electrons Ex: H2O, NH Non-polar Covalent bonds - Correct Answers ✅✅Equal sharing of electrons Ionic bonds - Correct Answers ✅✅Occurs when the electronegativity of one atom is greater than that of the adjoining atom, the one with higher electronegativity pulls electrons to its valence shell from its neighboring atom, thereby becoming an anion. The atom it took the electron from becomes a cation. The ionic bonding occurs because of the attraction between the positive and negative charges.
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H - bonds - Correct Answers ✅✅Hydrogen covalently attached to one electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom. Van der Waals interactions - Correct Answers ✅✅Takes place when molecules interact; there are pockets of constantly changing positive and negative charges. This takes place due to the changing distribution of electron clouds and results in weak forces of attraction. Hydrophilic interactions - Correct Answers ✅✅Polar, charged molecules Soluble Hydrophobic interactions - Correct Answers ✅✅Non-polar lipid- soluble Excluded from aqueous solutions bc of hydrogen bonding among polar molecules Biological example of Covalent bonds - Correct Answers ✅✅Carbohydrates - glycosidic bonds Lipids - ester bonds Proteins - peptide bonds DNA/RNA - phosphodiester bonds
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can bond with up to four other water molecules. The H-bonding is strong in water and is the main reason for its unique properties. Properties of Water - Correct Answers ✅✅cohesiveness adhesiveness high specific heat high heat of vaporization freezing and expansion versatile solvency medium for biochemical reactions ingredient of many biochemical reactions cohesiveness - Correct Answers ✅✅due to the constant forming and breaking of H-bonds in liquid water, H2O molecules stick together
- important for water uptake ( transport from roots ) and imbibition ( water absorption by seeds ) adhesiveness - Correct Answers ✅✅water can adhere to surfaces
- important for the attachment of water ( adsorption ), which leads to absorption
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high specific heat - Correct Answers ✅✅1 cal/g/C° Water can absorb and release heat to stabilize the temperature in the surrounding area, making it habitable. high heat of vaporization - Correct Answers ✅✅it takes lots of energy to evaporate water, which is important in evaporative cooling in animals and plants in hot weather. freezing and expansion - Correct Answers ✅✅as water freezes, it expands, becoming less dense; the resulting ice floats on the top of the water, keeping water below warmer, and thus providing a favorable environment for aquatic organisms during freezing cold conditions versatile solvent - Correct Answers ✅✅water is an excellent solvent for all polar and charged molecules because of its polarity minerals and nutrients dissolved in water are available for easy uptake and transport by plants and animals. medium for biochemical reactions - Correct Answers ✅✅living cells contain up to 95% water so many biochemical reactions in a cell occur under aqueous conditions
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A solution with a pH of 4 has ____ x more [H+] that one with a pH of 6 - Correct Answers ✅✅ 100 pK - Correct Answers ✅✅when acid and base have a ratio of 1: mid point of buffering range buffer - Correct Answers ✅✅weak acid/base/both substance that minimizes pHchange by donating or accepting protons example of acid - Correct Answers ✅✅stomach acid example of weak base - Correct Answers ✅✅blood example of strong base - Correct Answers ✅✅bleach Organic molecules - Correct Answers ✅✅carbon hydrogen nitrogen oxygen phosphorus sulfur
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structural isomer - Correct Answers ✅✅same molecular formula but different structures geometric isomer - Correct Answers ✅✅form due to inflexibility of double bonds between carbons cis - same types of functional groups on the same side trans - same types of functional groups away from each otehr optical isomer - Correct Answers ✅✅also called enantiomers mirror images Functional groups - Correct Answers ✅✅hydroxyl hydroxyl - Correct Answers ✅✅ hydroxyl - Correct Answers ✅✅confers polarity to a molecule, making it more soluble in water hydroxyl - Correct Answers ✅✅almost all carbs, proteins, nucleic acids have these
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ionized by this group to become acetate, formate, citrate, malate carboxyl - Correct Answers ✅✅present in all amino acids and proteins amino group - Correct Answers ✅✅ amino group - Correct Answers ✅✅can act as a base by accepting protons (-NH2 + H+ = -NH3+) amino group - Correct Answers ✅✅found in all amino acids, proteins, and some specific nucleotides sulfhydryl - Correct Answers ✅✅ sulfhydryl - Correct Answers ✅✅two of these groups within a protein can combine to make a disulfide bridge to stabilize a protein structure sulfhydryl - Correct Answers ✅✅found in active sites involved in the catalysis of enzymes
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phosphate - Correct Answers ✅✅ phosphate - Correct Answers ✅✅highly polar phosphate - Correct Answers ✅✅important in energy compounds such as ATP phosphate - Correct Answers ✅✅present in DNA, RNA, and all nucleotides phosphate - Correct Answers ✅✅found in phospholipids phosphate - Correct Answers ✅✅acidic and reactive group methyl - Correct Answers ✅✅ methyl - Correct Answers ✅✅non-polar functional group methyl - Correct Answers ✅✅affect the solubility of a compound in aqueous or organic solutions
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hydrolysis - Correct Answers ✅✅breaks down polymers into monomers by adding an -H and -OH group by splitting a water molecule hydrolysis - Correct Answers ✅✅important for catabolic processes Carbohydrate monomers - Correct Answers ✅✅monosaccharides Simple sugars are made up of - Correct Answers ✅✅C, H, and O In carbs, C:H:O - Correct Answers ✅✅1:2: Carbon skeleton size variation - Correct Answers ✅✅3 to 7 carbons Within a carbon skeleton - Correct Answers ✅✅an -OH group is attached to each C, except for one which is double-bonded to an O (carbonyl-CO) In aqueous solutions, sugars with _ to _ carbons form a ring structure - Correct Answers ✅✅5, 7 Monosaccharide (sugar) function - Correct Answers ✅✅provides a major source of energy for cells
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energy stored in sugars is harvested by cells through respiration carbon skeletons are used for making other molecules Disaccharide - Correct Answers ✅✅formed by enzymes which combine two monosaccharides through glycosidic linkages maltose - Correct Answers ✅✅glucose + glucose lactose - Correct Answers ✅✅glucose + galactose sucrose - Correct Answers ✅✅glucose + fructose alpha linkage - Correct Answers ✅✅if the -OH group is below the plane of sugars beta linkage - Correct Answers ✅✅if the -OH group is above the plane of sugars polysaccharides - Correct Answers ✅✅long chains of carbs storage polysaccharides - Correct Answers ✅✅used for energy utilization
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hydrophobic lipid functions - Correct Answers ✅✅storage of energy insulation against heat loss cushioning vital organs part of lipid bilayer in biological membranes lipids also serve as - Correct Answers ✅✅vitamins pigments growth hormones and regulators glycerides - Correct Answers ✅✅AKA fats glycerol (3-carbon alcohol) combined with fatty acids (a long hydrocarbon chain with a -COOH group) monoglyceride - Correct Answers ✅✅one fatty acid diglyceride - Correct Answers ✅✅two fatty acids triglyceride - Correct Answers ✅✅3 fatty acids
