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Bio 311C Sata Exam 3 -with 100% verified
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Terms in this set (145)
What happens when a suitable substrate binds to an enzyme? The active site amino acids bond with the substrate Cyanide binds to cytochrome oxidase at a site where the substrate oxygen would normally bind. This is an example of competitive inhibition an example of a catabolic reaction is lactate fermentation what is an anabolic process that is endergonic and endothermic?
CH₄ +2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O
ATP yields 7.3 kcal/mol of free energy and it is coupled with many enzyme reactions that would not otherwise happen. Which can be coupled with ATP hydrolysis to become a spontaneous reaction? A reaction with a G value of_?
which process occurs under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions glycolysis what is the key regulatory enzyme in glycolysis inhibited by the accumulation of first committed product of the Krebs cycle? phosphofructokinase in this reaction NADH + Pyruvate → NAD⁺ + Lactate, Pyruvate becoming lactate, is a/an _______________ process and ____________________________is the OXIDIZING or REDUCING agent. reduction, NADH, REDUCING the outputs of Krebs cycle that transfer energy to the electron transport system are FADH₂ and NADH the output of glycolysis include ATP, ____________, and _____________ NADH and pyruvate Which poison can inhibit the generation of delta [H⁺]? A chemical that would make the inner mitochondrial membrane leaky to ions
lack of oxygen during cellular respiration will inhibit Krebs Cycle and Acetyl CoA formation inside mitochondria, even though oxygen is not an input in such processes because under anaerobic conditions Water is not formed each FADH₂ produces less ATP when compared to NADj in oxidative phosphorylation because
FADH₂ gives electrons at a lower energy level to the ETC and hence makes less ATP What is not directly associated with photosystem II? calvin cycle th parts of plant tissue, namely ______________ &________________allow transport of water and sugar respectively. xylem and phloem when the phosphorylation occurs during least reactions, the pH of the thylakoid space will _______________ compared to the equilibrium state during night time decrease as the protons are pumped into the thylakoid suppose a thylakoid is somehow punctured so that the interior of the thylakoid is no longer separated from the stroma. This damage will have the most direct effect on which process? synthesis of ATP when a suspension of algal cells is incubated in a flask in the presence of light and CO₂ and then transferred to the dark, the release if oxygen stops. this reaction stops when the algal suspension is placed in the dark because the reaction needs light CAM plants can keep stomata closed in daytime, reducing water loss. This is possible because they ______________ A) fix CO2 into organic acids during the night by PEP carboxylase B) use photosystems I and II during day and night. C) use the enzyme phosphofructokinase, to fix CO more effectively D) fix CO2 into sugars in the bundle- sheath cells. E) fix CO2 into pyruvic acid in the mesophyll cells.
A)
fix CO2 into organic acids during the night by PEP
ATP Hydrolysis yields 7.3 Kcal/mol free energy and it is coupled with many enzyme reactions that would not otherwise happen. Which of the following reaction can be coupled with ATP hydrolysis to become a favorable or spontaneous reaction. A reaction with a Δ G value of_________________Kcal/mol. A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
B)
An enzyme was tested with two different substrates A and B resulting in products X and Y. The Km for substrate A was 10 mM and the Km for substrate B was 100 mM. From this information, we can say that substrate B is less effective than substrate A to have same amount of products formed The energy released in aerobic respiration is originally derived from ________________. the food we eat The reaction as shown below, with reference to FAD, is a ___________________process and ____________is the (oxidizing or reduction) FAD + X-H₂ → FADH₂ + X reduction; X-H2; reducing The reaction shown below is a/an ___________________________and it occurs during the process of _________________. substrate level phosphorylation; glycolysis The energy is stored in the form of _________in food covalent bonds The energy to make ATP in oxidative phosphorylation comes from
_.
NADH
More free energy is released during the Krebs cycle than during glycolysis, but only 2 molesof ATP is produced for each mole of glucose undergoing glycolysis. Most of the remaining free energy that is produced during the Krebs cycle is used to reduce NAD⁺ and FAD When mice were fed with radioactive carbon in glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) all the 6 CO₂ molecules will be released during which of the following process Acetyl CoA formation and Krebs cycle
Which of the following would slow down or inhibit key enzymes of Krebs cycle and glycolysis? A) Excess amount of ADP and Pi B) Limited amount of ATP C) Excess amount of NAD+ D) Excess amount of citrate E) Limited amount of FADH2.
D)
Excess amount of citrate Which of the following statement is not true of glycolysis? A) ATP is used to prime the process B) ATP is made in this process. C) Acetyl CoA is an output of glycolysis D) NADH is produced E) Pi from cytoplasm is used to make ATP
C)
Acetyl CoA is an output of glycolysis (made in the cytoplasm) When we exercise for a long time without rest, the muscle cells become deprived of oxygen. Which of the following is not produced in a muscle cell under such conditions? A) NADH B) Ethanol C) ATP D) Pyruvate. E) Lactate.
B)
Ethanol Migratory birds store or carry limited amounts of stored energy or food but fly over long distances. Which of the following process is most utilized in such situations to make the most amount of ATP for their flying? oxidative phosphorylation FADH2 produces less ATP each when compared to NADH because
FADH2 allows fewer protons transported across inner membrane and hence makes less ATP The inputs of non-cyclic photophosphorylation, include light, water and ___________ NADP+ and ADP, Pi Which parts or tissues of a plant allow transport of water and sugar respectively? Xylem and phloem
Bacteria typically have_______, whereas eukaryotes have_______. one chromosome that is circular; many chromosomes that are linear Which of the following statements about mitosis is true? A) The chromosome number in the resulting cells is halved. B) DNA replication is completed in prophase. C) Crossing over occurs during prophase. D) Two genetically identical daughter cells are formed. E) It consists of two nuclear divisions.
D)
Two genetically identical daughter cells are formed. Centrosomes are made of _________ and they____. centrioles; determine the plane of cell division A chemical inhibitor that blocks the initiation of DNA replication is added to actively dividingcells. Most of the cells would be found in their ____ phase of their cell cycle.
G
The initiation of the S phase and the M phase of the cell cycle depends on _______ and _______ to make________. A) actin; myosin; fibers. B) Cdk; cyclin; MPF. C) ligand; enzyme; complex. D) insulin; receptor; G-protein. E) ADP; Pi; ATP.
B)
Cdk; cyclin; MPF. Which of the following statements about mitosis is NOT true? independent assortment happens in metaphase
How is the chromosome number of each daughter cell reduced to half the original amount during meiosis? A) Chromosomes do not replicate during the interphase I preceding prophase I. B) Chromosomes replicate only once before meiosis I but the cell divides twice. C) Half of the chromosomes from each gamete are lost during fertilization. D) Sister chromatids separate during anaphase I but not in anaphase II of meiosis. E) Chromosome numbers are reduced to half during crossing over in prophase I.
B)
Chromosomes replicate only once before meiosis I but the cell divides twice. Why is it important to reduce the chromosome numbers in half for sexual reproduction of humans? A) We do not need that many chromosomes and less is better. B) Skin cells and liver cells are sensitive to increased chromosome number. C) The sperm and egg cells start with double the chromosome number before fertilization. D) The sperm and egg cells fertilize and double the chromosome number. E) If we continue to half the chromosome number in meiosis then we will need a small set of chromosomes after evolution.
D)
The sperm and egg cells fertilize and double the chromosome number. The daughter cells become haploid after_____________phase of meiosis. anaphase I Non-disjunction (unequal separation) of sister chromatids possibly resulting in many genetic disorders happens during ______________________of meiosis. anaphase II
lack of oxygen during cellular respiration will inhibit Krebs Cycle and Acetyl CoA formation inside mitochondria, even though oxygen is not an input in such processes because under anaerobic conditions Water is not formed each FADH₂ produces less ATP when compared to NADj in oxidative phosphorylation because
FADH₂ gives electrons at a lower energy level to the ETC and hence makes less ATP What is not directly associated with photosystem II? calvin cycle the parts of plant tissue, namely ______________ &________________allow transport of water and sugar respectively. xylem and phloem when the phosphorylation occurs during least reactions, the pH of the thylakoid space will _______________ compared to the equilibrium state during night time decrease as the protons are pumped into the thylakoid suppose a thylakoid is somehow punctured so that the interior of the thylakoid is no longer separated from the stroma. This damage will have the most direct effect on which process? synthesis of ATP when a suspension of algal cells is incubated in a flask in the presence of light and CO₂ and then transferred to the dark, the release if oxygen stops. this reaction stops when the algal suspension is placed in the dark because the reaction needs light chromosome number is reduced to half the original number during meiosis because half of the chromosomes from each gamete are lost during fertilization what does not occur during mitosis? crossing over between homologous chromosomes label the following examples as "exergonic or endergonic" and "exothermic or endothermic" based on the changes in free energy and enthalpy respectively in each of them A. Simple Diffusion B.Protein synthesis C. Burning Fossil Fuels D. ATP hydrolysis E.Starch synthesis A. Simple Diffusion: exergonic & exothermic B. Protein synthesis: endergonic & endothermic C. Burning Fossil Fuels: exothermic & exergonic D. ATP hydrolysis: exergonic & exothermic E. Starch synthesis: endergonic & endothermic C3 plants Calvan cycle, No c4 pathway, During daytime, low water efficiency, Rice C4 plants Calvan cycle, C4 pathway, During the daytime, Med-High water efficiency, corn CAM plants Calvan cycle (Daytime), C4 pathway (Nighttime, Both in mesophyll cell), High water efficiency, cacti Glycolysis location Cytoplasm
Glycolysis inputs NAD+, Glucose, ADP and Pi Glycolysis outputs Pyruvate, NADH, ATP Glycolysis regulatory enzymes Hexokinase, PFK (phosphofructose kinase) Acetyl CoA Formation Location cytoplasm to matrix Acetyl CoA Formation inputs Pyruvate, CoA, NAD+ Acetyl CoA Formation Outputs CO2, Acetyl CoA, NADH Acetyl CoA Formation Enzyme Pyruvate dehydrogenase Kreb's cycle location matrix Kreb's cycle inputs FAD, NAD+, ADP and Pi, Acetyl CoA, H2O Kreb's cycle outputs CO2, NADH, FADH2, ATP, CoA Kreb's cycle enzyme Citrate synthase, isocitrate dehygrogenase Oxidative phosphorylation location Inner mitochondrial matrix
