Download BIO 348 Lecture Exam #3 Study Guide Notes: Endocrine System and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
BIO 348 Lecture Exam #3 Study Guide Notes.
major endocrine glands - Correct Answer pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal endocrine organs that belong to different systems - Correct Answer hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, gonads endocrine tissues that have a primary function in a different organ system - Correct Answer kidney, stomach, liver, small intestine, skin, heart pineal gland secretion and function - Correct Answer melatonin - wake sleep cycle pituitary gland secretion and function - Correct Answer adenohypophysis - ACTH - stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol neurohypophysis - ADH (H2O resorption) and Oxytocin (uterine contraction) thyroid gland secretion and function - Correct Answer T3, T4, calcitonin - stimulates metabolism parathyroid gland secretes - Correct Answer parathyroid hormone (PTH) - increases blood calcium adrenal gland secretes - Correct Answer adrenal cortex: aldosterone, cortisol, androgens adrenal medulla: epinephrine and norepinephrine Zona Reticularis secretion and function - Correct Answer androgens - secondary sex hormone zona glomerulosa secretion and function - Correct Answer aldosterone - blood pressure regulation (vis Na and H2O retention, using K+ excretion from kidneys) zona fasciculata secretion and function - Correct Answer cortisol - increase blood glucose via glluconeogenesis hypothalamus secretion and function - Correct Answer GnRH - regulates secretion of ACTH from adenohypopysis testes secretion and function - Correct Answer leydig - testosterone - stimulates sexual maturation sterol - inhibit - regulates sperm production ovary secretion and function - Correct Answer granulosa - estrogen - stimulates sexual maturation progesterone - regulation of menstruation
pancreas secretion and function - Correct Answer alpha - glucagon - increases blood glucose levels beta - insulin - decrease blood glucose levels endocrine organ - Correct Answer organ that belongs to a different system but has a large amount of endocrine cells (ex. hypothalamus) endocrine tissues - Correct Answer have endocrine functions but the primary function if with a different organ system (ex. kidney) types of chemical messaging - Correct Answer circulating and localied circulation hormones - Correct Answer circulate throughout the body via the blood/plasma, act at target tissues that have the appropriate receptors localized hormones - Correct Answer chemical messages that are secreted by a cell and act at the neighboring cells types of localized hormone messages - Correct Answer paracrine and autocrine paracrine messages - Correct Answer message that goes 2 - 3 cells away to near receptors autocrine messages - Correct Answer chemical message that acts on a receptor on the same cell lipid soluble hormones - Correct Answer steroid hormones nad cholesterol based hormones water soluble hormones - Correct Answer amino acid based hormones where are receptors for lipid soluble hormones located - Correct Answer inside of the nucleus of the target cell where are receptors for water soluble hormones located - Correct Answer on the cell membrane of the target cell Process of lipid-soluble hormones - Correct Answer free hormone is carried by transport protein via the blood plasma, hormone diffuses through the target cell membrane, activates receptor hormone altering gene expression, newly formed mRNA direct protein synthesis, new proteins alter the target cells activity process of water-soluble hormones - Correct Answer free hormone is carried by transport protein via the blood plasma, hormone binds to its receptor activating G protein, activates adenylate cyclase converting ATP to cAMP, cAMP activates protein kinases, activated protein kinases phosphorylate cellular proteins, phosphorylated proteins cause reactions to produce physiological responses, cAMP deactivated
parafollicular cells (c-cells) - Correct Answer secrete thyrocalcitonin (lowers Ca in blood) Calcium homeostasis - Correct Answer high levels of Ca in blood stimulates thyroid gland, parafollicular cells release Calcitonin, Calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts, decreasing Ca in blood, low levels of Ca in blood stimulate parathyroid gland chief cells to release PTH, PTH promotes release of Ca from bone extracellular matrix into blood causing slowing in loss of Ca in urine which increases Ca in blood, two routes can be taken at this point route 1: enough Ca has been released from bone extracellular matrix into the blood to return to homeostasis route 2: PTH stimulates kidneys to release calcitriol, calcitriol stimulates increased absorption of Ca from foods which increase blood Ca RAAS (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system) in the regulation of water balance - Correct Answer normal BP and water volume (homeostasis), low BP or low water volume the kidney releases renin into blood plasma, angiotensinogen is activated by renin creating angiotensin 1, ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2, angiotensin 2 then targets adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa) releasing aldosterone, aldosterone acts on the kidney to increase sodium and water will follow said sodium in the blood adrenal cortex is derived from... - Correct Answer mesoderm angiotensinogen - Correct Answer always present in blood plasma, doesn't do anything until activated by renin (released by the kidney) to convert itself into angiotensin 1 ACE - Correct Answer angiotensin convertine enzyme, converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 angiotensin 2 functions - Correct Answer vasoconstriction (increase BP), stimulate ADH release, increase thirst returning to blood glucose homeostasis with declining blood glucose level stimulus (ex. after skipping a meal) - Correct Answer alpha cells of pancreas stimulated by low blood glucose triggering the release of glucagon into the blood, glucagon acts on the liver to break down glycogen and release glucose into the blood, blood glucose level rises and homeostasis is achieved water follows... - Correct Answer sodium returning to blood glucose homeostasis with rising blood glucose level stimulus (ex. after eating a lot of carbs) - Correct Answer beta cells of pancreas are stimulated by high blood glucose level triggering the release of insulin, two things happen here
Occurrence 1: the liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen occurrence 2: body cells take up more glucose, and blood glucose levels decline returning us to homeostasis pancreas is __% exocrine function with digestive enzymes and ___% endocrine pancreatic islets - Correct Answer 99%, 1% thymus gland secretion - Correct Answer thymosin adipocytes secretion - Correct Answer leptin heart secretion - Correct Answer atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) stomach secretion - Correct Answer gastrin kidney secretion - Correct Answer erythropoietin digestive system develops from - Correct Answer mesoderm and endoderm two categories of organ - Correct Answer Gastrointestinal tract (GI tract), and accessory organs accessory organs of the digestive system - Correct Answer teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas what differentiates an accessory organ of the digestive system - Correct Answer they all function within the digestive system but lack the tube like structure (not hollow) 3 chief derivates of the primitive gut - Correct Answer foregut, midgut, hindgut foregut - Correct Answer oral cavity - > duodenum midgut - Correct Answer small intestine and portions of large intestine hindgut - Correct Answer remainder of colon to anus greater omentum - Correct Answer "apron" folded over small and larger intestines made of adipose tissue lesser omentum - Correct Answer smaller fold of adipose tissue that surrounds the stomach and suspends it below the liver mesentery - Correct Answer structure that hold the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum in place
where do carbohydrates begin to be digested - Correct Answer start to break down in mouth via saliva where do proteins begin to be digested - Correct Answer start to break down in stomach via digestive enzymes where do lipids begin to be digested - Correct Answer start breakdown in the duodenum bile from the liver live metabolic function - Correct Answer secreting bile liver endocrine function - Correct Answer filter and detoxify blood where is bile stored - Correct Answer gall bladder hepatic lobule - Correct Answer functional unit of the liver hepatocytes - Correct Answer liver cell sin the hepatic lobule hepatic portal vein - Correct Answer brings blood from the small and large intestine and the stomach to the liver T or F: blood in the hepatic portal vein is oxygenated - Correct Answer false. it is not oxygenated but it is rich in nutrients from the small intestine how and where is glucose stored - Correct Answer in the liver as glycogen or in the blood plasma as glucose ready to be delivered to other body cells portal triad - Correct Answer portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct pulmonary circuit - Correct Answer between the heart and the lungs systemic circuit - Correct Answer between the heart and the rest of the body where is the heart derived from - Correct Answer mesoderm Why are gap junctions important in cardiac muscle? - Correct Answer cytosol is shared between cells and gap junctions allow the cytosol in different cells to act together why are desmosomes important in cardiac muscle? - Correct Answer allows the heart to contract and pulls in several directions causing flexibility in the muscle what is the most distinctive aspect of cardiac muscle - Correct Answer intercalated discs what are the intercellular junctions found in cardiac muscle - Correct Answer gap junctions and desmosomes
endocardium - Correct Answer inner lining of the heart chambers what are the parts of the pericardial cavity - Correct Answer visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium what is the function of valves in the heart - Correct Answer prevent back flow and to keep blood flowing in one direction skeleton of the heart function - Correct Answer preventing stretching of circumference of the valves and preventing the valves from collapsing How many valves does the heart have, what kinds - Correct Answer 4 valves, ( Atrioventricular, 2 Semilunar) atrioventricular valves - Correct Answer bicuspid and tricuspid valves, located between the atria and the ventricle semilunar valves - Correct Answer pulmonary and aortic valves, between ventricles and arteries pathway of blood through the heart - Correct Answer superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary artery, blood gas O2 via pulmonary capillaries, out the alveoli, oxygenated blood returns to the heart via pulmonary vein, eft atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, ascending aorta, arteries force that causes the atrioventricular valve to close - Correct Answer chord tendineae pull the valve cusps tight when contracted to keep the valves closed, then relax the papillary muscles when the valve is open to release blood into the ventricles cardiac cycle sounds - Correct Answer first sound: closing the AV valves (louder sound - LUB) second sounds: closing th semilunar valves (DUB) diastole - Correct Answer relaxation of the heart systole - Correct Answer Contraction of the heart what occurs during diastole - Correct Answer heart and chambers will be filling with blood by gravity what occurs during systole - Correct Answer heart and chambers contract pushing the blood into the next sequences of blood flow in the heart
capillary exchange at body tissues - Correct Answer the membranes are semipermeable, gasses and lipid soluble substances can pass freely endothelial cells and pores water soluble substances can only pass through the pores gradient function - Correct Answer dictate the direction of diffusion of the substances at ou tissues from the capillaries bulk flow - Correct Answer when the fluid and the substance is dissolved and that fluid moves as one unit T or F: bulk flow is reliant on concentration of solutes - Correct Answer False - it is reliant on pressure, if we have high BP our bulk flow would be in the direction from the cardiovascular capillaries to the lymphatic capillaries (lose volume in cardiovascular system and gain volume in the lymphatic system cardiovascular capillaries - Correct Answer At arterial side of capillary bed, blood pressure is higher than tissue lymphatic capillaries - Correct Answer small, open-ended lymph vessels act like drainpipes what occurs when fluid enters the lymphatic system - Correct Answer fluid leaves the capillaries and enters the lymphatic system, valves and cardiac suction help with unidirectional flow of the fluid through the lymphatic vessels what happens when when fluid leaves the lymphatic system - Correct Answer it returns into the superior vena cava and parallel circuit in the pulmonary circulation edema - Correct Answer having high BP that caused a bulk flow of movement into interstitial fluid T or F: the lymphatic system runs parallel to the venous system of the cardiovascular system - Correct Answer True CPR - Correct Answer cardiopulmonary resuscitation if CPR is done properly about ___% of normal blood volume will circulate through the systemic and pulmonary circuits - Correct Answer 25% lymphatic system - Correct Answer secondary filtration system, to get rid of any harmful materials that do get absorbed at boundary organs cardiac conduction system - Correct Answer electrical pathway that electrical impulses travel through to stimulate muscle contraction of the myocardial contractile cells
steps of the cardiac conduction system - Correct Answer 1) sinoatrial (SA) node - intrinsic rhythm is started here and sent to the AV node
- atrioventricular (AV) node fires an AP to AV bundle (small delay that allow atria to empty and the ventricles to fill full of blood)
- atrioventricular (AV) bundle inhibits the AP through the bundle to the branches
- right and left branches send the impulse to the purkinje fibers
- conduction myofibers (purkinje fibers) at the apex of the heart, were we have conductive cells, gap junctions attached to myocardial cells contraction of the heart - Correct Answer begins at the apex of the heart, through the purkinje fibers, continuing up the outside of the atria as the impulse continues to travel through the purkinje fibers, as the electrical impulse travels up the ventricles will continue to contract, ejecting blood out the heart P-wave - Correct Answer initial depolarization at the SA node as it travels through the atria P-Q interval - Correct Answer the delay at the AV node (no electrical activity) Q-R-S wave - Correct Answer the wave or spread of depolarization through the ventricles and the simultaneous atrial repolarization
- first heart sound occurs here S-T interval - Correct Answer period where the ventricles are finishing they contraction, not enough electrical stimulus to be recognized on the graph because it is just contraction and on electrical signals T wave - Correct Answer when the ventricles are depolarizing (diastole)
- second heart sound occurs at the end of this repolarization what are our cardiac accelerator nerves (sympathetic) functions - Correct Answer increasing spontaneous depolarization in SO node (and AV node) to increase heart rate, and increasing contractility of atria and ventricles increases stroke volume what is the hearts response if BP is too high - Correct Answer the vagus nerve is stimulated by the increased BP, and the parasympathetic pathways to lower the heart rate, lowering cardiac output what is the hearts response if BP is too low - Correct Answer the drop in BP stimulates the sympathetic pathway, and interneuron travels down the preganglionic neurons in the thoracic region of the spinal cord, synapsing in the sympathetic ganglion then to the SA and AV Nodes, increasing the heart rate and contractile force to increase our cardiac output Structure of the pericardium - Correct Answer fibrous, parietal layer of serous pericardium, pericardial cavity, and epicardium
target tissue to stimulate the red bone marrow to make RBC, increasing O2 carrying capacity, increasing the ability to carry more O2 to the kidneys to return to homeostasis types of white blood cells - Correct Answer neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocyte, monocyte neutrophil - Correct Answer wbc that helps destroy bacteria eosinophils - Correct Answer wbc associated with asthma and allergic reactions basophil - Correct Answer wbc that releases histamine lymphocytes - Correct Answer immune system wbcs, B cells and T cells monocyte - Correct Answer wbc that eat pathogens and bacteria which white blood cells are granulocytes - Correct Answer neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils which white blood cells are arangulocytes - Correct Answer lymphocytes and monocytes diapedesis and phagocytosis in WBCs - Correct Answer WBCs roll along endothelium, stick to adn squeeze between cells, neutrophils and macrophages exhibit positive chemotaxis postive chemotaxis - Correct Answer attracting chemicals that cause the neutrophils and the macrophages to crawl toward that area of damage (triggered by calcium) diapedesis - Correct Answer passage of blood cells (especially white blood cells) through intact capillary walls and into the surrounding tissue phagocytosis - Correct Answer A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells functions of the respiratory system - Correct Answer oxygenating blood, regulating pH in blood plasma, participates in olfaction, filter and moisten any incoming air, ridding the body of excess water how is the respiratory system divided - Correct Answer structurally and functionally structurally divisions of the respiratory system - Correct Answer upper and lower functional divisions of the respiratory system - Correct Answer conducting and respiratory zones vocal folds - Correct Answer false (vestibular), and true (vocal) folds
vestibular fold function - Correct Answer protection true vocal fold function - Correct Answer producing speech how does the "tightness" of the inferior vocal fold effect speech - Correct Answer tighter = higher pitch sound, larger opening= lower pitch sound what is the function of c rings in the trachea - Correct Answer allows flexibility in the diameter of the trachea to allow swallowing how does external respiration support internal respiration - Correct Answer 1. ventilation between the atmosphere and air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs
- Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the lungs and tissues
- Circulatory system will circulate O2 and CO2 through the systemic and pulmonary circuits between the lungs and tissues
- Exchange O2 and CO2 between the blood and body tissues what is responsible for internal respiration and why - Correct Answer in the mitochondria, because that is where aerobic respiration occurs two phases of breathing - Correct Answer active and passive active phase of breathing - Correct Answer contraction of skeletal muscles, innervated by the somatic nervous system, under voluntary control passive phase of breathing - Correct Answer any breathing muscles relaxing (quiet exhalation) when does gas exchange occur - Correct Answer when pulmonary blood comes in close contact with alveolar air respiratory membrane layers - Correct Answer alveolar epithelium, fused basement membrane of the alveolar and capillary endothelium why does O2 flow into the capillaries - Correct Answer atmospheric air that is brought into the alveolus has a higher concentration of O2 and diffusion will occur across that respiratory membrane in the direction of the plasma Type 1 alveolar cells - Correct Answer participates in gas diffusion type 2 alveolar cells - Correct Answer breaks up the surface tension of water, prevents alveoli from sticking together fixed macrophages - Correct Answer WBCs that arrive ice that capillaries and migrate to alveolus, primary function: remover harmful pathogens as mucus
3 phases of urine formation (and where they happen) - Correct Answer filtration (renal corpuscle), reabsorption (proximal convoluted tubule), and secretion (distal convoluted tubule) renal corpuscle parts - Correct Answer glomerulus and Bowmans capsule glomerulus - Correct Answer capillary network that receives blood from our afferent arterioles, anything not filtered out by now leaves via efferent arterioles Bowmans capsule - Correct Answer first part of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus mesangial cells - Correct Answer modified smooth muscle cells that are going to contract and essentially pinch off individual loops of glomerulus taking away large amounts of surface area at a time is a podocyte were to shrink we would dup with a _____ rate of filtration - Correct Answer higher more blood flowing to the glomerulus = _______ rate of filtration - Correct Answer higher macula densa cell function - Correct Answer monitor the sodium concentration in the urine at that point if we have a high amount of salt in our urine, we will have a ____ amount of sodium in the blood plasma - Correct Answer low if sodium was low in the plasma, we have lower blood volume, meaning we have ____ blood pressure - Correct Answer low types of capillaries - Correct Answer continuous, fenestrated, sinusoid filtration - Correct Answer the first phase in urine formation that is passive adn non- selective GFR (glomerular filtration rate) - Correct Answer the rate of filtration (both hydrostatic and osmotic) tubular reabsorption - Correct Answer the second phase of urine formation, conserves the "good stuff" from the lumen nephron loop - Correct Answer where we reabsorb sodium, as well as the water that flows with that sodium tubular reabsorption of glucose - Correct Answer glucose goes against its gradient to enter the apical membrane, inside of the cell glucose moves freely across the basolateral membrane because it I going from a high to low concentration
_____% of our glucose is reabsorbed - Correct Answer 100% tubular secretion - Correct Answer "last chance" phase in urine formation - mainly gets rid of hydrogen ions to normalize pH aquaporins - Correct Answer water channel proteins used by ADH in water reabsorption steps of ADH recruitment of aquaporins - Correct Answer 1. vasopressin binds to membrane receptor
- receptor activated cAMP second messenger system
- Cell inserts AQP2 water pores into apical membrane
- water I absorbed by osmosis into the blood sympathetic fibers release - Correct Answer norepinephrine to relax smooth muscle in the bladder parasympathetic fibers release - Correct Answer acetylcholine, to contract bladder or urinate what happens to the internal renal sphincter when innervated by the sympathetic nervous system - Correct Answer contracts at sphincter what happens to the internal renal sphincter when innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system - Correct Answer relaxation at sphincter external renal sphincter is under _____ control - Correct Answer voluntary
