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BIO 365 - Final Study Guide: Evolution and Evolutionary Processes, Exams of Nursing

Chamberlain College of NursingNursing

This study guide covers key concepts in evolution, including mass extinctions, evolutionary trends, hypotheses for stasis, major evolutionary transitions, altruism, game theory, punctuated equilibrium, and evolutionary stable strategies. It provides definitions, explanations, and examples of these concepts, making it a valuable resource for students studying evolutionary biology.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 11/14/2024

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BIO 365 โ€“ Final study guides (lectures 11, 12, 13) Questions
With Complete Solutions
1. End Ordovician (440 mya) - proportionally, the second largest
extinction
2. Late Devonian (365 mya) - multiple extinction pulse up to 15
my in length
3. End Permian (250 mya) - most severe mass extinction event
4. End Triassic (215 mya) - least intense mass extinction
5. Cretaceous-Tertiary / K-T (65 mya) - about 50% of all species
became extinct, evidence for the impact of a large meteor
Correct Answer The 5 Mass Extinctions (The Big 5)
1. Individual selection, across many related lineages, can favor
one phenotype (large body size) over another
2. Smaller species have a higher extinction rate, so species
selection causes a trend towards larger size
3. Recent speciation events have been more frequent in the
clades with larger body size Correct Answer 3 Possible Causes
for Evolutionary Trends
1. Internal genetic or developmental constraints
2. Stabilizing selection for a constant optimum phenotype
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BIO 365 โ€“ Final study guides (lectures 11, 12, 13) Questions With Complete Solutions

  1. End Ordovician (440 mya) - proportionally, the second largest extinction
  2. Late Devonian (365 mya) - multiple extinction pulse up to 15 my in length
  3. End Permian (250 mya) - most severe mass extinction event
  4. End Triassic (215 mya) - least intense mass extinction
  5. Cretaceous-Tertiary / K-T (65 mya) - about 50% of all species became extinct, evidence for the impact of a large meteor Correct Answer The 5 Mass Extinctions (The Big 5)
  6. Individual selection, across many related lineages, can favor one phenotype (large body size) over another
  7. Smaller species have a higher extinction rate, so species selection causes a trend towards larger size
  8. Recent speciation events have been more frequent in the clades with larger body size Correct Answer 3 Possible Causes for Evolutionary Trends
  9. Internal genetic or developmental constraints
  10. Stabilizing selection for a constant optimum phenotype
  1. Brief and local divergence that did not leave evidence Correct Answer Hypotheses for Stasis
  2. Random mating
  3. Infinitely large population size
  4. No gene flow or migration
  5. No mutation
  6. Equal probabilities of survival and reproduction Correct Answer 5 Assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg Principle
  7. Separate replicators (genes) and formation of cell membranes โ†’ genome within cell
  8. Separate unicells โ†’ symbiotic unicells
  9. Asexual unicells โ†’ sexual unicells
  10. Unicells โ†’ multicellular organism
  11. Multicellular organisms โ†’ eusocial societies
  12. Separate species โ†’ interspecies mutualistic associations Correct Answer 6 major evolutionary transitions A behavior whereby an organism acts in a manner that temporarily reduces its fitness while increasing another organism's fitness, with the expectation that the other organism will act in a similar manner at a later time. Correct Answer Reciprocal Altruism

mutual benefit or betray their partner (defect) for an individual reward Correct Answer Prisoner's Dilemma An activity that enhances the fitness of other individuals, but lowers the fitness of the actor Correct Answer Altruism An altruistic trait can increase in frequency if the benefit (b) received by the donor's relatives, weighted by their relationship (r) to the donor, exceeds the cost (c) of the traits to the donor's fitness; altruism spreads if rb > c Correct Answer Hamilton's Rule Areas with isolated populations that were formerly broadly distributed Correct Answer Refugia Changes in one direction are more likely than changes in the other Correct Answer Active (Driven) Trend Cooperative behavior may evolve because it is advantageous to the individual Correct Answer Individual Advantage Dating ancient rock layers by measuring the decay of certain radioactive elements Correct Answer Radiometric Dating Donor dispenses aid because the donor is being manipulated by the recipient Correct Answer Manipulation Escalates a conflict if opponent is judged to be smaller/weaker; retreats if opponent is larger/stronger Correct Answer Assessor Strategy

Evolutionary above the species level (includes rates of evolution, origin of novel features, evolutionary, trends, and patterns of origination, extinction, and diversification of higher taxa) Correct Answer Macroevolution Evolutionary processes that occur within species Correct Answer Microevolution In sexually reproducing, diploid organisms that carry a copy of two different alleles Correct Answer Heterozygotes In sexually reproducing, diploid organisms that carry two copies of the same allele Correct Answer Homozygotes Information that is a true indicator of the underlying quality of the senders and is useful to the receiver Correct Answer Honest Signal Life arose gradually from inorganic molecules, with 'building blocks' like amino acids forming first and then combining to make complex polymers Correct Answer Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis Lineages in the clade evolve in both directions with equal probability Correct Answer Passive Trend organisms that changed so little over millions of years; closely resemble ancestors from millions of years ago Correct Answer Living Fossils

both direct and indirect fitness Correct Answer Inclusive Fitness The effect of fitness of an allele on only the individual that has it Correct Answer Direct Fitness The effect of fitness of an allele on other individuals that share that allele Correct Answer Indirect Fitness The evolutionary history of life was inevitable; states that evolutionary parallelism and convergence are widespread and dictate evolutionary process at small and large scales Correct Answer Predictability of Evolutionary Path The extinction rate occurring outside of mass extinction rates; estimated to be ~ 1 extinction per million species years; encompasses about 96% of known extinction events Correct Answer Background Extinction rate The first life was self-replicating RNA Correct Answer RNA world hypothesis The highest level of organization of animal sociality, is defined by the following characteristics: (1) cooperative brood care, (2) overlapping generations w/i a colony of adults, (3) a division of labor into reproductive and non-reproductive groups Correct Answer Eusociality The hypothesis that evolution proceeds gradually (Darwin believed this was the predominant pace) Correct Answer Gradualism

The path of evolution has been directed by chance events, such that the outcome of history would be different if any of the antecedent events had been different Correct Answer Contingency of Evolutionary Paths The relative commoness or rarity of an allele in a population Correct Answer Allele Frequency The shifting geographic distributions of a species in concert with the distributions of their typical habitat Correct Answer Habitat Tracking Vertebrates with 2 temporal fenestrae (Dinos, birds, lizards, crocodilians) Correct Answer Diapsids Vertebrates with a single temporal fenestra (mammals) Correct Answer Synapsids Whatever the initial genotype frequencies for two alleles may be, after one generation, the genotype frequencies will be p^2 : 2pq : q^ p = freq. of the dominant allele in the population q = freq. of the recessive allele in the population p^2 = % homozygous dominant individuals q^2 = % of homozygous recessive individuals 2pq = % of heterozygous individuals Correct Answer Hardy- Weinberg Principle