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Bio251 Final Exam 3: Anatomy and Physiology of the Integumentary and Skeletal Systems, Exams of Biology

Virginia State University (VSU)Biology

A comprehensive overview of the anatomy and physiology of the integumentary and skeletal systems, covering key structures, functions, and processes. It includes detailed descriptions of skin layers, hair growth, bone types, bone formation, and bone repair. The document also explores the functions of the paranasal sinuses, sutures of the skull, and the composition of the thoracic cage. It is a valuable resource for students studying anatomy and physiology, providing a structured framework for understanding these complex systems.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 04/09/2025

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Bio251 Final Exam 3 Chamberlain University
1. Structure of skin
epidermis,
dermis,
hypodermis
2. What are the functions of the skin?
protection,
vitamin
D
synthesis,
sensa-
tion, thermoregulation, nonverbal com-
munication
3. Accessory structures of the skin
hair,
skin,
sweat
glands,
and
nails
4. Main fibers found in dermis
collagen,
elastic,
and
reticular
fibers
5.
What does the collagen fiber provide for
the dermis?
6.
What does the elastic fiber provide for
the dermis?
strength
Stretch
recoil
7. arrector pili muscle
Causes hair to stand on end and
goose
bumps to appear
8.
sebaceous glands
secrete sebum, lubricates skin and hair,
controls bacteria
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pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd
pfe
pff
pf12
pf13
pf14
pf15
pf16
pf17
pf18
pf19
pf1a
pf1b
pf1c
pf1d
pf1e
pf1f
pf20
pf21
pf22
pf23
pf24
pf25
pf26

Partial preview of the text

Download Bio251 Final Exam 3: Anatomy and Physiology of the Integumentary and Skeletal Systems and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

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Bio251 Final Exam 3 Chamberlain University

  1. Structure of skin epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
  2. What are the functions of the skin? protection, vitamin D synthesis, sensa- tion, thermoregulation, nonverbal com- munication
  3. Accessory structures of the skin hair, skin, sweat glands, and nails
  4. Main fibers found in dermis collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers
  5. What does the collagen fiber provide for the dermis?
  6. What does the elastic fiber provide for the dermis? strength Stretch recoil
  7. arrector pili muscle Causes hair to stand on end and goose bumps to appear
  8. sebaceous glands secrete sebum, lubricates skin and hair, controls bacteria

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Bio251 Final Exam 3 Chamberlain University

  1. Sudariferous glands sweat glands
  2. Medulla Inner most layer of hair
  3. cortex The middle layer of the hair provides strength, color, and texture
  4. Cuticle (Hair) tough, clear outside covering of the hair shaft
  5. Dermal papilla groves that form finger prints
  6. papillary layer of dermis upper layer of dermis, Made of areolar tissue, supplies nutrients to epidermis, helps regulate temperature
  7. reticular layer of dermis deeper, thicker layer of dermis, made of dense irregular CT, full of fibers for strength, elasticity

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  1. thick skin Covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet Has 5 layers of keratinocytes
  2. thin skin Covers most of the body Has 4 layers of keratinocytes
  3. Eccerine sweat glands All over, abundant in palms, soles, fore- head, Cool body
  4. appocrine glands Thicker milky sweat, respondes to stress and sexual stimulation, found in groin and armpits
  5. anagen phase Growth phase 6-8 years
  6. Catagen Phase Mitosis stop, Transition stage, 2-3 weeks
  7. Telogen phase of hair growth Resting phase, 1-3 months
  8. basal cell carcinoma most common type of skin cancer, ap- pears as shiny small bump

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  1. squamous cell carcinoma Can lead to metastasis, tumor of the squamous epithelium, red, scaly ap- pearance
  2. Melanoma aggressive and can quickly metastasize, often brown or black in color, Uses ABCD rule
  3. The four types of cells in bone tissue include: 1. osteoprogenitor cells 2. osteoblasts
    1. osteocytes 4. osteoclasts
  4. Six Major functions of the Skeletal System Blood formation Support Protection Movement Storage and release of minerals Store triglycerides
  5. osteoprogenitor cells stem cells that divide to produce os- teoblasts

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  1. osteoclasts function resorption, breakdown of bone matrix, causes bone to release calcium
  2. compact bone provides protection and support, is dense, composed of osteons
  3. spongy bone lightweight, provides tissue support, osteocystes are found in the trabecular, filled with red bone marrow.
  4. Tendons Connect muscle to bone
  5. Ligaments Connect bone to bone
  6. Ossification (osteogenesis) process of bone formation
  7. intramembranous ossification bone develops from CT fibrous mem- brane, produces flat bones of skull and clavicle
  8. endochondral ossification Transforming cartilage into bone in fe- tuses. Origin is Hyaline cartilage
  9. Endochondral ossification also occurs in? The epiphysial plates of long bones as they grow in length
  10. appositional growth happening throughout our life, occurs at bone surface
  11. Main minerals for healthy bone growth Calcium and phosphorus as well as trace minerals magnesium, fluoride,

8 / 38 and manganese.

  1. Long bone longer than they are wide

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  1. the red bone marrow inside the medullary cavity is replaced by what in adulthood? yellow bone marrow
  2. The inner layer of the periosteum is lined with osteogenic layer lined with osteoblasts what that allows bone remodeling? and allows for bone remodeling and growth
  3. Growth: Epiphyseal Plate growth happens at the growth plates of long bones and resembles endochon- dral bone growth. Consists of hyaline cartilage, Found in metaphysis of bone
  4. Remodeling process of appositional growth, occurs when bone is stressed.
  5. steps of bone repair hematoma forms, fibrocartilaginous callus forms, bony callus forms, bone remodeling occurs.
  6. Phases of bone repair in order: 1. Reactive phase: Inflammatory
    1. Repair phase: soft & hard callus forms

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  1. Vitamin D Helps with absorption of calcium from small instestines into the blood stream
  2. How much calcium is found in the skeletal system?
  1. parathyroid hormone (PTH) Secretes parathyroid hormone when calcium gets too low. Increases osteo- clast activity that secretes the calcium into the blood
  2. Calcitriol (Vitamin D) kidneys release calcitriol which targets the small intestine to absorb nutrient into the blood stream
  3. Calcitonin Lowers blood calcium levels
  4. how many bones does the axial skeleton have?
  5. how many bones does the appendicular skeleton have?

126, total bones are 206

  1. Two major surface markings on bone Depression/openings, processes
  2. What are the 3 auditory ossicles of the middle Mallus, incus, stapies ear?
  3. depressions and openings fissure, foramen, fossa, sulcus, meatus

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  1. Processes condyle, facet, head, femur, crest, trochanter, spinous process
  2. Trochanter

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  1. the lamboid suture connects occipital and parietal bones
  2. squamous suture connects the parietal bone to the tem- poral bone

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  1. ethmoid bone forms part of the posterior portion of the nose, the orbit, and the floor of the cranium
  2. spinous process sharp, slender projection of vertebrae
  3. bifid spinous process on cervical vertebrae C3-C5. Forked.
  4. Inferior Nasal Conchae Bone Curled nasal fold

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  1. vomer bone forms the base for the nasal septum
  2. Zygomatic bone cheek bone

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  1. What bones make up the zygomatic arch? zygomatic bone and temporal bone
  2. functions of facial bones supports teeth, give shape to face, form parts of orbital and nasal cavity, pro- vides attachments for muscles to face for facial expressions.
  3. hyoid bone does not articulate with any other bone
  4. How many cervical vertebrae are there? 7
  5. How many thoracic vertebrae are there? 12
  6. How many lumbar vertebrae are there? 5
  7. How many fused bones form the sacral? 5
  8. The atlas is the: C1 first cervical vertebra, which articu- lates with the skull