Biochemistry and Science, Lecture notes of Biochemistry

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Prepared by:

Ma. Cristina P. Bentadan

OBJECTIVES A. Gain a solid understanding of the basic concepts of chemistry; B. Realise the application of chemistry in understanding biological processes; C. Differentiate the differences of acid and base; D. Realise the effects of acid-base imbalance to the body.

2 TYPES

1. Heterogeneous mixture - Components can be separated physically. example: vegetable salad 2. Homogeneous mixture example: lemonade

B. SOLUTION

• (^) Homogeneous type of mixture of two or more substances. *Solute – substance dissolved in the solvent *Solvent - molecule that has the ability to dissolve other molecules *Solubility - amount of solute that can be dissolved in solvent

WHAT IS pH?

pH

• (^) Power of Hydrogen
• (^) measures the acidity or alkalinity of a substance
• (^) Range from 0 – 14
• (^) 7 – neutral
• (^) < 7- acidic
• (^) > 7- basic / alkaline pH = -log [H+]

ACID

• (^) Donator of H+,^ acceptor of electrons
• (^) substance with higher concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) than hydroxide ions (OH-)
• (^) Examples: A. Hydrocloric acid (HCl) B. Sulfuric acid C. Nitric Acid D. Lemon juice E. Vinegar

BASE

• (^) Acceptor of H +, donator of electrons

• (^) OH

   ions exceed the concentration of H + ions 

• (^) Examples: A. Baking soda B. Calcium carbonate C. Sodium Hydroxide D. Potassium oxide

pH SCALE

• (^) used to rank solutions in terms of acidity or basicity (alkalinity).

PAPER STRIPS

• (^) Determines the pH value

pH colorimeters

• (^) for environmental monitoring, service labs or aquaculture

BUFFERS/BUFFER SYSTEM

• (^) maintain homeostasis in the body
• (^) Resist changes in pH from the addition of acid or base.
• (^) Important in the proper functioning of cells and blood. Examples: A. Carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ) B. Bicarbonate Ion (HCO 3 ) C. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 )

HOW DOES IT WORK? EXAMPLE

• (^) When an acid or base is added : A. To water, the pH changes drastically B. To a buffer solution, the pH does not change very much; pH is maintained