BIOD 152 Final Exam Graded A, Exams of Biology

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MODULE/LAB 1

1. This layer of the meninges is tightly attached to the brain.

Pia mater (menix)

1)) This is the most superficial layer of the brain meninges Dura mater

Lab 1)

Logitudinal Fissure

2. The fissure separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres.

Median longitudinal

2. The _ transverse fissure separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

Lab 2 Caudal, cerebellum

3. Describethefunctionofthebrainventricles.

Your Answer: The brain ventricles are important because they help

circulate and produce cerebrospinal fluid which is essential to keeping the brain

afloat and protecting it.

3. What is the purpose of the blood-brain barrier? Describe its maintenance from a cellular

level.

The blood-brain barrier is a diffusion barrier which prevents most particles from entering the

central nervous system tissue, keeping the brain and spinal cord separate from general blood

circulation..

The folds in the region above (indicated by the blue pin) are called: Folia

4. All the following are functions of the hypothalamus except:

Filters out unimportant sensory information

4. All the following are functions of the hypothalamus except :

D. Relays sensory impulses to the cerebrum

LAB 4

Injury to the area of the brain (indicated by the pin)

above would most likely cause impaired : Vison

5. What is the largest portion of the brain?

Cerebrum

5. This ventricle is located anterior to the cerebellum.

fourth

6. This region of the brain acts to coordinate multiple sources of sensory information.

C. Association area

1: Lateral Column

3: Gray Commissure

4: Anterior Column

6: Anterior/Ventral Horn

11: Ventral Root

13. A patient is unable to extend his fourth and fifth digits when asked to open his hand. What

is most likely the cause?

C. Correct! Ulnar nerve damage

13) A patient has decreased hand strength in her right hand. She also has

numbness in her first three digits. What is most likely the cause?

Carpal tunnel syndrome

14. Label the following spinal cord regions in the diagram below:

1: Posterior (Dorsal) column

5: Anterior median fissure

6: Posterior (Dorsal) horn

9: Dorsal root

11: DRG (Dorsal Root ganglion)

15. What cranial nerve is highlighted in blue (also indicated by the arrow) in the figure below?

D. Correct! Abducens

15. Oculomotor

16. What type of nerve is the cranial nerve below and what does it control? (Highlighted in blue,

also indicated by the arrow)

D. Correct! Mixed: Facial muscles and Taste

**2. C. (Oculomotor)

3. D. (Trigeminal)
4. F. (Facial)
5. H. (Glossopharyngeal)**

18. Use the figure below to answer the following questions. Answer by writing the letter (A-J)

from the figure that corresponds with the correct cranial nerve.

This cranial nerve receives information from the retina.

This cranial nerve is responsible for the sensation of the digestive tract.

This cranial nerve controls movement of the eye laterally.

This cranial nerve receives sensory information for hearing.

This cranial nerve is responsible for voluntarily moving the tongue.

**1. B. (Optic)

2. I. (Vagus)
3. E. (Abducens)
4. G. (Vestibulocochlear)
5. J. (Hypoglossal**

19) Label the nerves (A-C) in the figure below:

A:

B:

C:

A-Radial

B- Ulnar

C- Median

A- Lateral femoral cutaneous

B- Femoral nerve

C- Saphenous

20. The lumbar plexus is from spinal nerves: L01-L

20) The lumbar plexus is from spinal nerves:

A. T12-L

21) A patient is on a ventilator post a car accident. What region of the spine is most likely

damaged?

D. C03-C

21) A patient is on a ventilator post a car accident. What nerve is most likely

damaged? Radial Phrenic

22) A patient damaged the radial nerve. What action is most likely limited?

D. Wrist extension

You would be more likely to see decreased sensation because sensory neurons enter the

spinal cord posteriorly.

28. If someone sustains an injury to the area of the spinal cord, as shown below by the blue

oval, would you be more likely to see paralysis or decreased sensation? Explain your answer.

Paralysis, muscle weakness, is more likely to happen because the motor neurons exit the

spinal cord anteriorly.

29. One of your patients sustained a hemorrhagic CVA. You notice they have rigid movements

when moving their arms. They also have difficulty forming a plan to move their body. What area

of the brain is most likely impacted? Explain your reasoning.

The basal ganglia is responsible for executing a motor plan and to slow and control fine

movements (creating the rigid movements).

Apraxia, or impaired motor planning. Apraxia results in rigid movements and difficulty

executing a motor plan.

29. One of your patients sustained an ischemic CVA. You notice that their gait is very

unsteady. It almost appears as if they are intoxicated. What portion of the brain was

most likely affected by the stroke? Explain your answer.

I would say the cerebellum is most likely affected because it controls

balance and fine movements.

MODULE 2 NERVE AXONS

1) This is a collection of cell bodies found in the peripheral nervous system. :

Ganglia

1. This is a bundle of axons found in the peripheral nervous system.

Nerve

LAB: 1) Describe how sensory information helps to sustain life.

Your answer: There are two types of

sense :General and special senses. - These are the

essential for personality development, intellectual

function and sustaining life i.e if we have pain and unable

to sense the pain then we cant save our body from that

harmful stimulus by removing the pain.

2) This part of the autonomic system increases digestion.

parasympathetic

2. This part of the autonomic system accelerates the heart beat and increases breathing

rate. sympathetic nervous system

• LAB:

Sensory Receptors: structures specialized to detect the senses and also to

convert one form of energy into another

• Thermoreceptors : type of receptor that responses to heat or cold

4) This part of a neuron conducts nerve impulses towards the cell body.

dendrites

LAB 4: 4)

Whatisfalseconcerningthestructures(highlightedinblue)above?

Itcontainsthesa

c

c c

uleandutricle

What is true concerning the structures (highlighted in blue) above?

• contains the scala tympani

5) An interneuron inside the spinal cord is part of the

Central nervous system

6. True or false: Neurons come into direct physical contact with one another.

False

5. A neuron going to the bicep of the forearm is part of the:

Peripheral nervous system and Somatic system

6. The neuron pictured, below, is best described as:

B) Correct! Multipolar

LAB 5: 5) The image above is a cross-section of the:

Cochlea

LAB 5:

Theregionindicatedbythearrowaboveisfi l edwith:Endolymph

LAB 6: 6 )This secretes a lipid substance that helps to keep tears

contained inside the eye : Meibomian gland

6 )InfectionoftheGlandofZeisresultsin:Astye

6. Blood-shot eye is a result of: Conjuctivitis

6) Obstruction of the lacrimal apparatus results in: Watery eye

7) True or false: Neurons do not physically touch one another. True

• Hyperopia- eyeball is too short

Presbyopia- lens hardens

Astigmatism- Deviated Cornea

Glaucoma- blockage in canal of

Schlemm Cataract- lens hardens

Emmetropia- eyes at resting

state Blind Spot- exit of Coptic nerve

Myopia- eyeball is too long

10) A postsynaptic neuron would be found: after

10. A presynaptic neuron would be found:

Before the synapse

11) What is the location and function of Astrocytes?

Astrocytes control the chemical environment of the neurons by

wrapping around blood capillaries. (The blood brain barrier)

11. What is the location and function of Satellite cells?

Location: Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Function: Regulation of environment of neuron cell bodies

12. A patient's spinal cord was severed in a car accident. Would the patient be expected

to regrow axons in their spinal cord? Why or why not?

No; Only peripheral system axons are capable of regeneration. The spinal cord is

in the central nervous system.

12) A patient’s left thumb was severed in a cooking accident and then reattached

during surgery. Would the patient be expected to regrow axons in their thumb?

Why or why not?

Yes, because the thumb axons would be considered part of the PNS

and the PNS axons are capable of regneration.

13) Name and describe what is occurring in the neuron cell membrane in section 4 of the

diagram. Include the charge of the membrane during this phase.

Afterpolarization (Hyperpolarization) Potassium gates are slow to close and there is an

undershoot of the potential.

The charge drops below - 70mV and then returns to - 70mV once at resting state again.

13) Phase 2 is depolarization. Depolarization is when the membrane potential

becomes more positive. The volatage reaches zero and up to positive 40 mV.

This also when the sodium rushes into the axon.

phase.

14. At rest, a neuron plasma membrane is:

C) Correct! Polarized (around - 70mV)

15. Which of the following is false concerning the sodium-potassium pump?

D) The overall effect is a negative charge on the outside of the membrane.

15) Which of the following is true concerning the sodium-potassium pump?

It must remain in constant operation to maintain the resting state.

16) True or false: A sensory neuron is signaling the body of a light touch. This

means that the strength of the action potential is weaker than usual. explain

- False. It is an all or nothing response. There is no

variation based of strength. Variation is determined by the number of

neurons or the frequence of neurons are stimulated.

16) True or false: A sensory neuron is signaling the body of extreme pain. This means that the

strength of the action potential is greater than usual. Explain your reasoning.

False. It is an all or nothing response. There is no variation based of

strength. Variation is determined by the number of neurons

17) Which of the following statements is true concerning the neuromuscular

junction? The NMJ terminates on a muscle fiber.

17. Which of the following statements is false concerning the neuromuscular junction?

Sodium ions release from the presynaptic motor neuron.

18) How is a message sent from one neuron to another?

There is a minute fluid-filled space, called a synapse, between the axon terminal of the

sending neuron and the dendrite of the receiving neuron. When a nerve impulse

reaches the end of an axon, neurotransmitters are released into the synapse. These

bind with a receptor on the next neuron, opening Na+ gates in the receiving dendrite

which causes depolarization and the impulse is carried.

C) Correct! The muscle spindle detects stretch within the muscle.

25) What is false about the stretch reflex?

The effect of the motor signal is to relax a muscle

26. What is true about the flexor withdrawal reflex?

B. It involves excitatory interneurons. C. It involves inhibitory interneurons.

27. Your doctor taps on your patellar tendon. List out the steps, in detail, of the nervous

pathway of the reflex he is testing. Include any sensory organs involved and the action

of the reflex.

Stretch reflex : Stretch on patellar tendon (tapping patellar tendon)

Muscle spindle detects stretch

Afferent (sensory) neuron through DRG

Spinal cord : Synapses directly on a motor neuron (efferent)

No interneuron

Action: To muscle fiber to contract quadriceps (kicking foot)The stimulus results in a

signal being sent via a sensory nerve to the spinal cord

27. Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disease which attacks the myelin sheath of the

nerve axon.

Myelin increases nerve conduction speed and protects the nerve. If the myelin is

damaged, the conduction speed would be slower than normal, and the nerve

axon itself would be vulnerable to permanent damage without the myelin present

for protection.

27. Answer the following essay questions:

You touch a hot pan when cooking. List out the steps, in detail, of the nervous pathway

of the reflex that occurs. Include any sensory organs involved and the action of the

reflex.

1. pain receptor in the skin sends nerve impulse that moves along dendrite toward the

cell body and CNS

2. the impulse moves along the axon of the sensory nerve and synapse on the

interneurons

3. Excitatory interneurons send singles to motor neurons to the biceps which leads to a

muscle contraction and elbow flexion.

4. inhibitory interneurons send signals that simultaneously prevent muscle contractions

of the triceps. If both the triceps and bicep are contracting at the same time the hand will

not move from the hot object.

27) Your doctor taps on your patellar tendon. List out the steps, in detail, of the

nervous pathway of the reflex he is testing. Include any sensory organs involved

and the action of the reflex.

The sensory/ afferent neuron senses the taps on the patellar tendon,

the muscle spindle detects the stretch and the signal is sent through the

DRG in the dorsal root to the spinal cord. Then the sensory neuron

synapses in the gray matter onto the motor neuron. The motor neuron then

sends a signal through the ventral root and synapses back on to the

patellar tendon. Cause the muscle fibers to contract the quadriceps,

causing the kick.

28) Botulism is a disease caused by a neurotoxin that interferes with the release

of Acetylcholine. Patients with this disease experience flaccid paralysis, or the

inability to contract their muscles. Explain why this would occur.

Acetylcholine is found in the NMJ. Once aceylchline is released it

binds the receptors on the muscle fibers and causes sodium channels to

open. The sodium triggers the sarcoplasm and that triggers the action

potential, which releases s. reticulum. The calcium ions are released from

the s. reticulum and the muscles contract.

Module 3

1. What sense does not have specialized sense organs?

B. Correct! Touch

1. What are the five special senses?

Vision, smell, taste, hearing and equilibrium (balance)

1. what senses contain specialized receptors via specialized somatic and visceral afferents?

Smell, Equilibrium

2. The posterior portion of the outer fibrous layer of the eye is called the.

Sclera

2. The outer fibrous layer of eye includes

Sclera and Cornea

3. What portion of the eye supplies blood supply to the other layers of the eye?

Choroid (of the middle layer)

3. What is included in the middle layer of the eye?

Choroid, the ciliary muscle and the iris.

4) True or false: The more numerous type of photoreceptors are rods. True

4) Cones operate best in dim light False