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BIOD 210 GENETICS FINAL COURSE
ASSESSMENT DOCUMENT
©Essential vitamins - Found in both plant and animal sources, and the majority cannot be synthesized. ©Enrichment - Adding lost nutrients, from milling and processing, back into the final product. ©Fortification - Supplementing a product with additional vitamins not normally found in the product ©Fat-soluble - Dependent on dietary fat for absorption; stored in adipose tissue and liver. ©Xeropthalmia - Abnormal dryness due to a vitamin A deficiency ©Retinal - Helps the eyes adjust from bright to dim light. ©Antioxidant - Inhibits oxidation via stopping substances (oxidants) from causing damage to cells.
©Vitamin D - Vitamin and a hormone that regulates calcium levels and bone metabolism. ©Rickets - Poor mineralization of bone due to inadequate calcium deposits. Characterized by bowed legs. ©Osteomalcia - Inadequate calcium absorption and deposition in the bones of adults which leads to soft bones ©Osteoporosis - With age, bone mass decreases, bones thin and become porous. ©Vitamin E - Antioxidant, protecting cell membranes from free radicals. ©Tocopherol - Chemical name of Vitamin E ©Free radicals - Alter a cell's DNA, damage cell membranes, and increase the risk for cancer. ©Vitamin K - Involved in the process of coagulation (blood clotting) ©Water-soluble vitamins - Absorbed into the blood stream and easily dissolve in water.
Releases energy from carbohydrates, protein, and fats. Can be made from tryptophan. ©Pellagra - Niacin deficiency. Means "rough skin". 4Ds: dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis, & death. ©Pantothenic acid - Component of coenzyme A (CoA). Helps convert fatty acids into energy and release energy from carbs, proteins and fats. ©Biotin - Production of glucose and fatty acids DNA synthesis AA metabolism ©Avidin - Protein in egg whites that binds biotin and decreases its availability for absorption ©Pyridoxine (B6) - Pyridoxal, Pyridoxal, and Pyridoxamine. Converts protein's AAs into energy. Carb, protein and fat metabolism. Synthesizes of WBC and RBC.
©Microcytic hypochromic anemia - Anemia characterized by small, oxygen-deficient RBC ©Folate/Folic acid (B9) - DNA synthesis, cell divisions, metabolizing amino acids, and homocysteine. ©Vitamin B12: - Converts folate for DNA synthesis. Used in homocysteine metabolism and maintaining myelin sheaths. ©Intrinsic factor - A protein-like compound produced in the stomach to increase B-12 absorption. ©Vitamin C (ascorbic acid): - Absorbed in the small intestine and found in all tissue. 4 functions: collagen synthesis, antioxidant properties, iron absorption, and immune function. ©Collagen synthesis (Vitamin C) - Structural protein found in connective tissue, skin, bones, teeth, tendons, and blood vessels. It is necessary for wound healing. deficiency can result in scurvy. ©Antioxidant activity (Vitamin C) - Scavenger of free radicals and may be effective in preventing certain cancers.
Fiber hinder body's ability to absorb minerals. Mineral content in plants varies depending on soil content. ©Oxalic acid - Found in dark green leafy vegetables and can decrease the absorption of certain minerals. ©Fiber-mineral interactions - High fiber diets can lower the absorption of iron, zinc, and other minerals. ©Phytic acid - In grain fiber: binds to minerals and interferes with absorption. ©Mineral-mineral interactions - Minerals of similar size compete for absorption (ones that are of the same size and charge) i.e. magnesium, iron, copper, and calcium ©Vitamin-mineral interactions - Interaction is necessary for nutrient absorption and metabolism. Calcium and Vitamin D Iron and Vitamin C ©Sodium (NaCl) - Table Salt Fluid balance and nerve impulse transmission
©Potassium (K) - Fluid control operating inside cells Nerve impulse transmission Muscle contractions ©Calcium (Ca) - Teeth and bone structure Blood clotting Nerve impulse transmission Muscle contraction ©Tetany - Muscles cannot relax after contracting and involuntary twitching occurs. (too low calcium) ©Phosphorus (P) - Bone structure and component of ATP, DNA, RNA and phospholipids. ©Chloride (Cl) - Extracellular fluid control Immune function Component of hypochloric acid in stomach ©Magnesium (Mg) - Key component of ATP, DNA and RNA. Necessary for enzymatic reactions. Found in bones (60%).
©Selenium (Se) - Antioxidant that contributes to thyroid hormone metabolism. ©Iodide (I) - Growth and development. Regulates metabolism. Thyroid hormone synthesis. ©Goiter - Enlargement of the thyroid gland ©Cretinism - Congenital hypothyroidism in children that results in a lack of mental development and dwarfed physical stature. ©Copper (Cu) - Metabolism of iron Cofactor for antioxidants Connective tissue proteins Blood clotting Immune functions ©Fluoride (F) - Inhibits bacterial activity in mouth and prevents tooth decay
©Mottling - Presence of white or yellow spots on the teeth during child development. ©Chromium (Cr) - Enhances transport of glucose across cells by aiding insulin function. ©
