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BIOD 210 GENETICS MODULE 7
CERTIFICATION PREP 2026
โ An individual with the same allele of a gene on both homologous chromosomes is __________for the allele. An individual with different alleles of a gene is _________for the allele. Answer: homozygous, heterozygous โ Which of the following genotypes is indicative of an individual who is homozygous for a recessive allele? Answer: pp โ If an individual is homozygous dominant for a given allele (AA), what allele will be carried by that individual's gametes? Answer: A โ What characterizes the independent assortment of genes into gametes? Answer: Alleles of genes on one pair of homologous chromosomes tend to sort independently of alleles on other chromosomes. โ What does a phenotype ratio of 3:1 among offspring in a monohybrid cross indicate? Answer: It indicates that the alleles governing the phenotypes follow a Mendelian inheritance pattern.
โ In ______, one allele is not fully dominant over another, so the heterozygous phenotype is __________ Answer: incomplete dominance, an intermediate blend between the two homozygous phenotypes โ Which of the following defines polygenic inheritance? Answer: A pattern of inheritance in which multiple genes affect one trait โ Which of the following is an example of environmental impacts on the expression of traits? Answer: Animal coat color shifts in response to seasonal changes in day length and temperature. โ The distribution of the data in a graph showing the relative abundance of human height phenotypes follows a bell-shaped curve. This bell-shaped curve is indicative of which of the following? Answer: Continuous variation โ Which of the following is defined as an individual's observable traits? Answer: Phenotype โ In Mendel's law of segregation, a diploid cell has _______copies of every gene that occur on its homologous chromosomes. Alleles at any locus are distributed into separate gametes during meiosis. Collectively these statements make up Mendel's ___________. Answer: two, law of segregation
BB
โ What do the letters on the outside of a Punnett square represent? Answer: The genotype of the parents โ Use a Punnett square to answer the following questions. Assume that the B allele is completely dominant to the b allele, and phenotypes are determined as described in the narrative. If a homozygous dominant plant is crossed with a homozygous recessive plant, what ratio of the potential offspring will have blue flowers to potential offspring with white flowers? Answer: 1:0 blue to white โ In this cross, what would be the genotype of any potential offspring? Answer: Bb โ In a pedigree, affected individuals are usually represented in which of the following ways? Answer: As filled-in shapes โ What do horizontal rows represent in a pedigree? Answer: Generations โ In the pedigree presented in the narrative, how many children resulted from the marriage represented at the top of the image? Answer: Three
โ The following letters indicate the pairs of alleles present on a homologous chromosome pair within an individual organism. For each, select whether the individual is homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, or heterozygous for that gene. Answer:. โ Dd Answer: heterozygous โ jj Answer: homozygous recessive โ RR Answer: homozygous dominant โ Jj Answer: heterozygous โ You select a random fish from the tank for detailed analysis. One box below lists the genotype of this individual, and the other box lists its phenotype. From the dropdown menus, select genotype or phenotype to correctly label each box. Answer: CC FF EE: Genotype Black color, short fins, large eyes: Phenotype โ From your research, you discover that in this species of fish, the allele for black color is dominant to orange color. Based on this research, can you determine the genotype of a black fish just by
always internalized __________bacteria than normal cells did. Answer: varied, fewer โ Researchers can therefore conclude that individuals heterozygous for the CF allele are generally _________resistant to typhoid fever- causing bacteria, compared with individuals homozygous for the normal allele. This advantage explains why the CF allele, which is otherwise ________when present as two copies, has persisted in populations through time. Answer: more, harmful โ We have two alleles for every autosomal gene. How are these alleles inherited? Answer: One from the mother and one from the father โ In autosomal dominant inheritance, a person who inherits one dominant allele for Marfan syndrome _____. Answer: will have the symptoms of Marfan syndrome โ In autosomal recessive inheritance, a person who has one recessive allele for PKU _____. Answer: will not have the symptoms of PKU but will be a carrier โ Refer to the figure. If the father is affected by an X-linked recessive condition, and the mother is unaffected (not a carrier), then which of the following must be true? Answer: All the daughters will be carriers of the condition.
โ Refer to the figure. If the father is unaffected by an X-linked recessive condition, and the mother is a carrier, then which of the following must be true? Answer: Any son has a 50-50 chance of inheriting the mutated recessive allele, and he will be affected by the condition. โ In an X-linked genetic condition such as red-green colorblindness, males are more likely to be affected than females. This happens because the mutated allele that causes the condition is _____. Answer: recessive and located on the X chromosome โ Large-scale changes in chromosome structure are usually caused by errors in which of the following? Answer: Crossing over โ Which type of large-scale change in chromosome structure is rare because it is usually fatal to the embryo? Answer: Deletion โ Some duplications can have negative effects on embryonic development by _____. Answer: increasing the dosage of proteins controlled by duplicated genes โ Achondroplasia is an autosomal dominant disorder that affects skeletal growth and results in a greatly reduced stature. The presence of the achondroplasia allele causes a condition sometimes
โ This athlete's karyotype reveals a genetic anomaly caused by a ___________ event that occurred in the gamete cells of the athlete's mother or father. Answer: nondisjunction โ Which of the following describes the pattern of sex chromosomes in this athlete? The sentence identifying the sex of the athlete is too smudged to read. Based on the athlete's karyotype, determine what the athlete's sex would have been listed as and fill it in on the medical chart. Answer: XXY โ How many generations are shown in this pedigree? Answer: Three โ How many women have the disease in this pedigree? Answer: Four โ One of the people on the chart is labeled with the letter A. Which of the following statements correctly describes this person's status in the pedigree? Answer: This person does not have the disease, but this person's father and one of this person's sisters do.
โ Examine the smaller pedigree shown here. Based on this pedigree, does this trait appear to be dominant or recessive? Answer: recessive โ Which of the following countries receives the most UV radiation: Kenya, Australia, or India? Answer: Kenya โ People native to which of the following countries have the darkest skin: Australia, China, or Ireland? Answer: Australia โ Which of the following statements correctly describes the apparent correlation between the skin color of indigenous people and the regions to which they are native? Answer: People from regions with a high degree of UV radiation seem to be adapted to have darker skin. โ The continent of Australia has been widely colonized by people descended from Irish and other northern European populations. In some areas, light-skinned Australians now vastly outnumber the native aboriginal populations. Coincidentally, Australia also has some of the highest rates of skin cancer in the world. Consider this fact while examining the data again. Based on this, which of the following statements is most likely correct? Answer: Dark skin is adaptive in areas with high degrees of UV radiation because it absorbs light and prevents UV rays from damaging the DNA of dividing skin stem cells deep within the skin tissue.
โ Which of the following is described as a structural rearrangement of a chromosome in which a broken piece has become reattached in the wrong location? Answer: Translocation โ Which of the following disorders arises from translocation events? Answer: Burkitt lymphoma โ During which of the following stages of meiosis can nondisjunction occur? Answer: Anaphase I โ In a pedigree, the relationships between individual family members are represented as ____________In a pedigree, the relationships between individual family members are represented as ___________. Answer: lines, filled shapes โ Which genotype indicates a carrier of an autosomal recessive trait? Answer: Bb โ Which of the following statements about X-linked recessive patterns is true? Answer: An affected father can never pass an X- linked recessive allele to an XY son. โ Which of the following processes leads to aneuploidy, the condition of having too many or too few copies of a particular
chromosome? Select all that apply. Answer: Nondisjunction of chromosomes during mitosis Nondisjunction of chromosomes during meiosis โ What condition results from the fusion of a normal gamete (n) and a gamete missing a chromosome (n - 1)? Answer: Monosomy โ
