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BIOL 101/ BIOL101 Module 1 Exam: (Latest 2026/ 2027 Update) Essential Biology I W/Lab |, Exams of Biology

Blue Ridge Community and Technical CollegeBiology

BIOL 101/ BIOL101 Module 1 Exam: (Latest 2026/ 2027 Update) Essential Biology I W/Lab | 100% Verified Questions & correct Answers | Grade A

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2025/2026

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BIOL 101/ BIOL101 Module 1 Exam: (Latest
2026/ 2027 Update) Essential Biology I
W/Lab | 100% Verified Questions & correct
Answers | Grade A
What is Biology?
Study of life; encompasses everything
-biomolecular biology and technology have brought around a new era for biology
What are the major characteristics of Life?
1) reproduction (DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid); double helix shape; stores genetic info)
2) cellular repsiration (used to creat energy) (metabolism; need it to perform basic functions of
life; food (carbs, proteins, lipids/fats, vitamins/minerals)
3) adaptation/evolve (over large periods of times traits of organizations)
modified
4) growth and development (DNA lays out the "plan")
5) organization (very specific; organization of organs/structure)
6) cells (basic building blocks of life; need only one to be considered living)
7) respond (response to stimuli (light, touch, heat, etc.); need in order to survive)
What is a cell?
- basic building blocks of life
- not always apparent; first seen with a microscope
- cells were discovered by Hook in 1655
- first cells discovered were from cork
GRADE A++
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Download BIOL 101/ BIOL101 Module 1 Exam: (Latest 2026/ 2027 Update) Essential Biology I W/Lab | and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

2026/ 2027 Update) Essential Biology I

W/Lab | 100% Verified Questions & correct

Answers | Grade A

What is Biology? Study of life; encompasses everything

  • biomolecular biology and technology have brought around a new era for biology What are the major characteristics of Life?
  1. reproduction (DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid); double helix shape; stores genetic info)
  2. cellular repsiration (used to creat energy) (metabolism; need it to perform basic functions of life; food (carbs, proteins, lipids/fats, vitamins/minerals)
  3. adaptation/evolve (over large periods of times traits of organizations) modified
  4. growth and development (DNA lays out the "plan")
  5. organization (very specific; organization of organs/structure)
  6. cells (basic building blocks of life; need only one to be considered living)
  7. respond (response to stimuli (light, touch, heat, etc.); need in order to survive) What is a cell?
  • basic building blocks of life
  • not always apparent; first seen with a microscope
  • cells were discovered by Hook in 1655
  • first cells discovered were from cork

2026/ 2027 Update) Essential Biology I

W/Lab | 100% Verified Questions & correct

Answers | Grade A

  • theory wasn't generally accepted due to the challenge of trying to convince people of this drastic change What is cell theory?
  • proposed in 1800's
  • lowest level of structure perfoms all chracteristics of life
  • arise from previously existing cells What is metabolism?
  • energy breakdown; needed for food
  • glucose is the "best"
  • C6H12O6 (formula for glucose)
  • breaks (catabolic reaction) down to carbon dioxide and water [ CO2 + H2O] Difference between anabolic and catabolic reactions?
  • anabolic- building up of molcules, etc.
  • ie: anabolic steroids (build up muscle)
  • catabolic- breaking down of molecules Bean Beetle Lab

2026/ 2027 Update) Essential Biology I

W/Lab | 100% Verified Questions & correct

Answers | Grade A

Steps of the Scientific Method

  1. Make an Observation
  2. Ask a question
  3. Form a Hypothesis ("if, then" statement)
  • accept (agree with conclusions)
  • reject (disagree, continue testing)
  1. Exeperimental Design/ testing
  2. Form a conclusion Control in a experiment
  • must always have a control
  • does not have variables
  • does not change; will not be affected What is a scientific theory?
  • not just an explanation for something
  • has been developed/tested/scrutinized/challenged/ reviewed, etc.
  • generally accepted by whole scientific community
  • ie: theory of gravity, atomic theory of matter pH

2026/ 2027 Update) Essential Biology I

W/Lab | 100% Verified Questions & correct

Answers | Grade A

  • measures acids and bases
  • scale from 0- 14
  • acids ( H+ ions): range from 0-6/
  • neutral : 7
  • basic (OH- ions) 7/8- 14
  • most of what we eat or drink is acidic; household cleaners, etc. are most likely basic
  • plants tend to use basic compunds as a means of defense against predators Who is Francesco Redi?
  • conducted first "controlled" experiment
  • tested whether life could arise spontaneously
  • living things vs. biogenesis (came from life)
  • took 4 different animals and used a control group (covered it from flies)
  • findings were not accepted at first; idea of spontaneous life did not go away until Pasteur Microscopes
  • windows to the world of cells
  • types: compound (light), electron (scanning and transition)
  • parts of a microscope
  1. eyepiece (what you look through)
  2. ocular lens ( tube that adds 10 x the magnification)
  3. objective lens ( revolving noise piece: 4x, 10x, 40x)

2026/ 2027 Update) Essential Biology I

W/Lab | 100% Verified Questions & correct

Answers | Grade A

TEM (transition electron microscope)

  • study internal structure of cells
  • electron beams through thin section of speciman stained with atoms of a heavy metal Light Microscope
  • uses mirrors and lights
  • most basic type of microscope
  • magnifies effectively 1,000x
  • can see organelle structures surrounded by a cell membrane Lab Time with Cells
  • air bubbles: be sure to identify them
  • can identify onion cells: will be able to see nucleus, cell wall, and outer membrane
  • plant cells: (stain with iodine)
  • can see cell wall, plasma (cell membrane), centeral valuole, nucleus, cytoplasm
  • animal cells: (stain with methelyne blue)
  • can see plasma (cell membrane), nucleus, cytoplasm Plant Cells

2026/ 2027 Update) Essential Biology I

W/Lab | 100% Verified Questions & correct

Answers | Grade A

  • cell wall (only in plants; nonliving layer; structure)
  • central valcuole (fills entire center of cell; fluid; stockpiles proteins and ions; stores wastes and defensive compounds)
  • nucleus ("brain"; directs production of compounds in cell)
  • cytoplasm ("liquid", holds all the organelles in place)
  • cell membrane (regulates what goes in and out; protection/barrier; structure- keeps everything in) Animal Cells
  • plasma (cell membrane)
  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm Organism to Molecules organisms- cells- molecules-atoms
  • molecules are atoms joined together by some chemical bond Atoms
  • fundamental building blocks of life
  • made up of protons, electrons, neutrons
  • carbon is most important

2026/ 2027 Update) Essential Biology I

W/Lab | 100% Verified Questions & correct

Answers | Grade A

  • "organic" compounds: chemically broken down to yield energy for metabolism Organic Compunds
  • carbs (polymer)
  • lipids ( not a polymer)
  • proteins (polymer) (cannot store)
  • nucleic acid (polymer) (cannot eat) What is Hydroloysis?
  • covalent bonds in a monomer in a polymer are disassembled by water
  • breaks apart by adding water
  • catabolic reaction
  • usually happens in the digestive system Dehydration
  • pulls out a water from bonds
  • anabolic reaction
  • monomers come together to form a bigger polymer
  • process requires energy and is aided by enzymes

2026/ 2027 Update) Essential Biology I

W/Lab | 100% Verified Questions & correct

Answers | Grade A

Carbs

  • polymer
  • includes simple sugars (monosaccrides)
  • most contain 5 to 6 C (1:2:1 ration)
  • C5H10O
  • C6H12O
  • metabolism sugars (-ose)
  • glucose (C6H12O6)
  • fructose (C6H12O6)
  • the individual comp. are the same just structure is different
  • important carbs:
  1. starch (stored by plant for later use)
  2. cellulose (makes up cell walls; most abundent organic compound on Earth)
  3. glyogen (stores glucose for energy; in animal cells; muscles and liver)
  4. chitin (important to insects; exoskeleton) Dissachrides
  • 2 monomers
  • 2 sugar monomers
  • uses dehydration process
  • maltose, sucrose, lactose (examples)

2026/ 2027 Update) Essential Biology I

W/Lab | 100% Verified Questions & correct

Answers | Grade A

Starch

  • what plant stores in cell walls and other organelles
  • when we eat plants we are breaking down the starch to make energy
  • to test for starch use Iodine Lab time with Starch
  • indicator solution: iodine
  • positive test: color change
  • negative test: no color change
  • tested filter paper, noteboook paper, cracker
  • a good qualitative and quantitative test Lab time with Sugars
  • indicator solution: benedicts solution (detects simple sugar only)
  • positive test: changes color from blue to orange
  • should test for glucose and fructose
  • not test for sucrose or water
  • good qualitative and quantitative test

2026/ 2027 Update) Essential Biology I

W/Lab | 100% Verified Questions & correct

Answers | Grade A

Lipids/ Fats

  • insoluble in water
  • major types: (animal- solid at room temp.; plant- liquid at room temp.)
  • fats assembled from smaller molecules by dehydration
  • consists largely of molcular trigylcerides
  • tri. (three)- glycerol (achohol)
  • each fatty acid releases 3 waters
  • fat is good for insulation, protection, and energy storage Lab time with Lipids
  • indicator solution: Sudan III dye
  • stains CH2 groups of lipids
  • positive test: stains red/dark red color
  • good qualitative test
  • not a very good quantitative test but still is Phospholipids
  • major component to the cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)
  • helps keep cells together, regulates what goes in and out
  • hydrophilic heads: love water; will dissolve in water; outisde in contact with aqueous solution
  • hydrophobic tails: hates water; forms the core of the phospholipid bilayer
  • 1 fatty acid replaced with one phosphate group at the 3rd position

2026/ 2027 Update) Essential Biology I

W/Lab | 100% Verified Questions & correct

Answers | Grade A

  • form 2 amino acids (peptide bond)
  • form 3 amino acids (tripeptide bond)
  • form many amnio acids (polypeptide bond)
  • break apart amino acids with hydrolysis
  • 10 amino acids naturally, other 10 come from food/proteins Lab Time with Amino Acids
  • indicator solution: ninhydrin test
  • will only test for amino acids, not proteins, sugars, water, etc.
  • prolene is the only amino acid that turns yellow
  • good qualitative test, not a good quantitative test Types of Proteins
  • enzymes (catalytic proteins): regulates movement of molecules through metabolic pathways
  • not consumed by the reaction (as long as you have a substrate)
  • structural proteins (very complex structure)
  1. hemoglobin: carries all the oxygen throughout the body; composed of 4 proteins; heme group
  • where oxygen combines; gives red blood cells color
  1. collagen: makes up 1/3 of all body parts (humans) ie: skin, ligaments, tendons, etc.
  2. keratin: froms protective covering of land vertebrates (ie hair, nails, claws, etc.); also in our dead skin cells (helps keep mositure in)

2026/ 2027 Update) Essential Biology I

W/Lab | 100% Verified Questions & correct

Answers | Grade A

Structure of Proteins

  • very complex structure
  • different order of structure based on a hierarchy
  1. primary structure: just amino acids connected in one strand (like a ribbon)
  2. secondary structure: folding/ coiling; strengthns a whole lot (ie spider silk)
  3. tertiary structure: taking secondary "coil" and folding all over the place
  4. quaternary structure: only 1 protein with more than one chain of amino acids (ie hemoglobin) Lab Time with Proteins
  • indicator solution: biuret reagent
  • stains peptide bond
  • positive test: blue to a darker purple
  • good qualitative test
  • protein: BSA Graphind Data and Standard Curves
  • independent and dependent variables
  • standard curve
  1. have to know concentration to plot against unknown substance
  2. read absorbence (how much light a substance can absorb)
  • colorimeter: tool that shows absorbence of light (measures the transmitance of light)