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Climate Change and Global Warming: Exam Study Guide, Exams of Biology

United States International UniversityBiology

This study guide provides key definitions, concepts, and relationships related to climate change and global warming. It covers topics such as the influences on climate change perceptions, the differences between climate and weather, the causes and effects of global warming, and the role of greenhouse gases. It also includes information on renewable and nonrenewable energy sources, international agreements, and potential solutions to climate change. Useful for students preparing for exams or seeking a concise overview of climate science.

Typology: Exams

2025/2026

Available from 11/29/2025

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BIOL 1052 MIDTERM 4 / FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Global climate change inflkuences - Answer -atmospheric science, physics, biology,
meteorology, biogeochemistry, climatology, chemistry, computer modeling, math
What influences our perceptions of climate change - Answer -- peoples beliefs
increases when it's warmer
- beliefs are specific to political affiliation
Climate - Answer -the conditions in the atmosphere over relatively long periods of time
Weather - Answer -the condition of the atmosphere over relatively short periods of time
Global warming - Answer -warming of the planet, based on average temperatures
Climate change - Answer -changes in climate characteristics (temp., precipitation,
humidity, storm frequency)
Global weirding/climate destabilization - Answer -observations of unusual weather
patterns
Recent history - Answer -- global temperatures have an increasing trend line
- it doesn't warm up every year, but overall increases
Increased urbanization - Answer -weather stations are affected (temperature)
Actual measurements - Answer -thermometers, satellites - take ocean and air
temperatures at many locations
Proxies - Answer -don't give actual measurements, but give data that can be
extrapolated to temperature estimates
Proxies examples - Answer -- coral reef layers
- borehole temperatures
- tree rings
- isotope ratios
When would we be least likely to find concern about climate change to be higher than
normal - Answer -cold day in april
Data from past 200 years say... - Answer -temperatures have increased over time
Distillery - Answer -how we got temperature estimates from 400,000 years ago
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BIOL 1052 MIDTERM 4 / FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE

Global climate change inflkuences - Answer - atmospheric science, physics, biology, meteorology, biogeochemistry, climatology, chemistry, computer modeling, math What influences our perceptions of climate change - Answer -- peoples beliefs increases when it's warmer

  • beliefs are specific to political affiliation Climate - Answer - the conditions in the atmosphere over relatively long periods of time Weather - Answer - the condition of the atmosphere over relatively short periods of time Global warming - Answer - warming of the planet, based on average temperatures Climate change - Answer - changes in climate characteristics (temp., precipitation, humidity, storm frequency) Global weirding/climate destabilization - Answer - observations of unusual weather patterns Recent history - Answer -- global temperatures have an increasing trend line
  • it doesn't warm up every year, but overall increases Increased urbanization - Answer - weather stations are affected (temperature) Actual measurements - Answer - thermometers, satellites - take ocean and air temperatures at many locations Proxies - Answer - don't give actual measurements, but give data that can be extrapolated to temperature estimates Proxies examples - Answer -- coral reef layers
  • borehole temperatures
  • tree rings
  • isotope ratios When would we be least likely to find concern about climate change to be higher than normal - Answer - cold day in april Data from past 200 years say... - Answer - temperatures have increased over time Distillery - Answer - how we got temperature estimates from 400,000 years ago

Which type of water would be more likely to evaporate - Answer - water with only light isotopes As water travels to poles while evaporating - Answer - heavy isotopes will fall out first as rain/snow When is there more energy in the atmosphere? - Answer - when the earth is relatively warm Ice caps - Answer - enriched for light isotopes Ocean - Answer - enriched for heavy isotopes Sea creatures - Answer - enriched for heavy isotopes If someone were to find a layer of ice with lower than average heavy.light isotope ration

  • Answer - the temperatures would have been cooler than average Cause of cc - end of last ice age theory - Answer - not supported by data Cause of cc - solar flares theory - Answer - not supported by data Cause of cc - increase in greenhouse gases theory - Answer - most likely Ice age causes - Answer -- milankovitch cycles
  • eccentricity
  • obliquity
  • precession Milankovitch cycles - Answer - changes in earth's orbit and orientation towards sun Eccentricity - Answer - orbit Obliquity - Answer - tilt Precession - Answer - wobble Without the greenhouse effect, earth would be - Answer --18 C What is the cause of historical periodic ice age - Answer - alterations in the earth's orbit and orientation to the sun Greenhouse gases - Answer - absorb infrared radiation (heat) During warm global temperatures, the polar ice caps are - Answer - smaller

Plants influence atmospheric co2 composition via... - Answer - reductions of co2 due to photosynthesis Heat waves - Answer - temp changes greatly during winter Ice melts - Answer - sea levels rise, increased human migration Precipitation changes - Answer - northern north america = more rain Storm frequency/intensity - Answer - more storms as temps increase Changes in ranges and distribution - Answer - can lead to mismatches in seasonal timing among species within an ecosystem Phenology - Answer - timing of activities (migration, nesting, etc.) Changes in human population distribution - Answer -- sea levels rise

  • infiltration of salt water into fresh water
  • increase in storm and flooding
  • desertification Agriculture - Answer -- growing seasons lengthen
  • crops already near climate thresholds will suffer decreases
  • water issues Warming will occur more on land - Answer - during winter and at poles European heat wave of 2003 - Answer - more likely due to human activities Nonrenewable - Answer - fossil fuels, nuclear Renewable - Answer -- geothermal
  • solar
  • wind
  • hydroelectric
  • biofuels
  • tidal/wave energy ANWR (Arctic National Wildlife Refuge) - Answer - ecologically unique What percentage of u.s. Energy comes from nuclear power? - Answer - 8% Nuclear reaction - positive or negative feedback? - Answer - positive feedback Nuclear power - Answer -- cleaner than fossil fuels
  • radioactive waste
  • accidents
  • high rates of thyroid cancer
  • problems with contaminated milk EROI - energy returned on investment - Answer -- nuclear = 14:
  • coal = 46:1 (high payoff)
  • natural gas = 20: Wind energy - Answer - turbines convert wind to electrical Wind energy pros - Answer - no emissions, get a lot of energy for investment, can be small scale Wind energy cons - Answer - some areas windier than others, may need to transport from wind farms to cities, threats to wildlife Where do most co2 emissions come from? - Answer - china Paris agreement goals - Answer - keep warming below 2 degrees C, zero net emissions by 2nd half of century, rich countries fund 100 billion/yr to poorer countries Paris agreement parts not legally binding - Answer - emissions reduction agreements, financing, no u.s. Or european liability for effects Paris agreement parts legally binding - Answer - 5 year review cycle, must set goals for c-reduction, must be transparent in monitoring and reporting U.s. Federal regulation - Answer - energy independence and security act of 2007 raised vehicle efficiency standards EPA's role - Answer - supreme court ruling said that greenhouse gases are air pollutants that fall under the clean air act Cap and trade - Answer - government can reduce number of permits each year to reduce greenhouse gas emissions Carbon tax - Answer - tax on fossil fuels
  • will drive businesses to be more efficient
  • might be simpler and faster
  • consequences in terms of cost and energy