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BIOL 230 EXAM 1 2025 LATEST EXAM UPDATE PENN STATE
UNIVERSITY GRADED A+ QUESTION AND ANSWER
When did life first evolve? 3.5 billion years ago What are the two types of internal cell compartments? membrane bound organelles, non-membrane bound organelles Did early prokaryotes have internal cell compartments? no Do sophisticated prokaryotes have internal cell compartments? som What does FECA stand for? first eukaryotic common ancestor phagocytosis the process of engulfing a solid particle by a phagocyte or a protist to form an internal phagosome Eukaryotic bodyplan establishment
phagocytosis, nuclear membrane, endomembrane system, flagellum Evolution of internal organization and subsequent _ _ as cell types diversify based on environmental pressures and niches adaptive radiation What are the non-membrane bound organelles? ribosomes, centrioles, microtubules What are the membrane bound organelles vacuoles, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, chloroplasts when did eukaryotic cells evolve? 2 billion years ago Internal lipid compartments require the ability to "_, _, _ " membranes shape, mold, and transport function in motility; found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes cilia (flagella) _ is the ability to tell two points apart resolution Light bouncing off a surface to your eyes
proteins what is the cilia (flagella) made of? proteins function in protein translation; found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes ribosomes function in transport of material, cell shape, cell division; complex protein network in eukaryotes; related proteins found in prokaryotes cytoskeleton Use ATP to break hydrogen bonds between bases helicase the combination of DNA and proteins that make up the contents of the nucleus of a cell chromatin
- to package DNA into a smaller volume to fit in the cell, 2) to strengthen the DNA to allow mitosis, 3) to prevent DNA damage, and 4) to control gene expression and DNA replication chromatin During interphase, DNA with actively transcribing genes is typically classified as _________________? euchromatin an organized structure of DNA, protein, and RNA found in cells chromosome Basic unit chromatin in eukaryotes Consists of: Histone core proteins Histone H1 "linker" protein ~147 DNA basepairs wrap around each core ~80 DNA basepairs in DNA linker region nucleosome
core proteins in histones (2 of each= 8 total) H2A, H2B, H3, H Linker protein in histones (helps hold DNA to core proteins H uses a beam of electrons traveling through a prepared specimen; Very thin sections; Heavy metals are used in prep to improve contrast transmitted electron microscopy _ light for routine cell visualization transmitted _ or _ electron microscopy for high magnification work transmitted, scanning _ microscopy for visualizing specific cellular structures epiflourescence Considering the conservation of energy, light used to excite a fluorescent protein has ____________ energy compared to the emitted light more Electron scanning and transmission microscopy have ___________ resolution because accelerated electrons have a ____________ wavelength compared to visible light. higher, shorter What is special about RNA that would suggest it evolved first? (2 things) catalyst and information storage no nucleus; transcription and translation occur almost simultaneously prokaryotes nucleus; transcription and translation occur in different regions eukaryotes
Have endonuclease and ligase activity Cut one strand to release rotational tension and then rejoins DNA topoisomerases
