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BIOL 260 Midterm (Ch 1, 2, 3, 12, 13, 15, 14, 17, 10)
Exam Questions With Complete Answers
These characterize the ANS - - ANSWER - a two-neuron efferent chain
- presence of neuron cell bodies in the CNS
- presence of neuron cell bodies in the ganglia Short preganglionic, long postganglionic fibers - ANSWER Sympathetic intramural ganglia - ANSWER parasympathetic craniosacral part - ANSWER parasympathetic adrenergic fibers - ANSWER sympathetic cervical ganglia - ANSWER sympathetic otic and ciliary ganglia - ANSWER parasympathetic generally short-duration action - ANSWER parasympathetic increases heart rate and blood pressure - ANSWER sympathetic increases gastric motility and secretion of lacrimal, salivary, and digestive juices - ANSWER parasympathetic innervates blood vessels - ANSWER sympathetic most active when you are relaxing in a hammock - ANSWER parasympathetic active when you are running in the Boston Marathon - ANSWER sympathetic The white rami communicantes contain what kind of fibers? - ANSWER preganglionic sympathetic Collateral sympathetic ganglia are involved with innervating - ANSWER abdominal organs Depends on oxygen delivery and aerobic mechanisms. A) Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers B) Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatigable fibers - ANSWER A) Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers
Have very fast-acting myosin ATPases and depend upon anaerobic metabolism during contraction. A) Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers B) Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatigable fibers - ANSWER B) Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatigable fibers Red fibers, the smallest of the fiber types. A) Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers B) Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatigable fibers - ANSWER A) Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers Contain abundant amounts of glycogen. A) Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers B) Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatigable fibers - ANSWER B) Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatigable fibers Abundant in muscles used to maintain posture. A) Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers B) Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatigable fibers - ANSWER A) Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers A relatively high percentage are found in successful marathon runners. A) Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers B) Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatigable fibers - ANSWER A) Slow (oxidative), fatigue-resistant fibers The stimulus above which no stronger contraction can be elicited, because all motor units are firing in the muscle. A) Treppe B) Multiple motor unit summation C) Wave summation D) Tetanus E) Maximal stimulus - ANSWER E) Maximal stimulus The phenomenon in which the contraction strength of a muscle increases, due to increased Ca2+ availability and enzyme efficiency during the warm- up. A) Treppe B) Multiple motor unit summation C) Wave summation D) Tetanus E) Maximal stimulus - ANSWER A) Treppe Continued sustained smooth contraction due to rapid stimulation. A) Treppe B) Multiple motor unit summation
C) Myosin D) Z discs - ANSWER B) A band Serves as the actual "trigger" for muscle contraction by removing the inhibition of the troponin molecules. A) Acetylcholine B) Acetylcholinesterase C) Calcium ions D) Creatine phosphate E) Aerobic respiration - ANSWER C) Calcium ions A neurotransmitter released at motor end plates by the axon terminals. A) Acetylcholine B) Acetylcholinesterase C) Calcium ions D) Creatine phosphate E) Aerobic respiration - ANSWER A) Acetylcholine A metabolic pathway that provides for a large amount of ATP per glucose because oxygen is used. Products are water and carbon dioxide and ATP. A) Acetylcholine B) Acetylcholinesterase C) Calcium ions D) Creatine phosphate E) Aerobic respiration - ANSWER E) Aerobic respiration Normally stored in the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. A) Acetylcholine B) Acetylcholinesterase C) Calcium ions D) Creatine phosphate E) Aerobic respiration - ANSWER C) Calcium ions Used to convert ADP to ATP by transfer of a high-energy phosphate group. A reserve high-energy compound. A) Acetylcholine B) Acetylcholinesterase C) Calcium ions D) Creatine phosphate E) Aerobic respiration - ANSWER D) Creatine phosphate Destroys ACh. A) Acetylcholine B) Acetylcholinesterase C) Calcium ions D) Creatine phosphate
E) Aerobic respiration - ANSWER B) Acetylcholinesterase The major function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction is to ________. A) make and store phosphocreatine B) provide a source of myosin for the contraction process C) synthesize actin and myosin myofilaments D) regulate intracellular calcium concentration - ANSWER D) regulate intracellular calcium concentration With muscular dystrophy ________. A) most cases appear in young females B) muscle fibers degenerate and atrophy C) most forms do not appear to be inherited D) muscles decrease in size due to loss of fat and connective tissue - ANSWER B) muscle fibers degenerate and atrophy Which muscle cells have the greatest ability to regenerate? A) cardiac B) skeletal C) no muscle can regenerate D) smooth - ANSWER D) smooth Most muscles contain ________. A) a predominance of slow oxidative fibers B) muscle fibers of the same type C) a mixture of fiber types D) a predominance of fast oxidative fibers - ANSWER C) a mixture of fiber types Fatigued muscle cells that recover rapidly are the products of ________. A) intense exercise of long duration B) intense exercise of short duration C) slow exercise of short duration D) slow exercise of long duration - ANSWER B) intense exercise of short duration The strongest muscle contractions are normally achieved by ________. A) increasing stimulus above the treppe stimulus B) increasing stimulus above the threshold C) recruiting small and medium muscle fibers D) increasing the stimulation up to the maximal stimulus - ANSWER D) increasing the stimulation up to the maximal stimulus Which of the following would be recruited later in muscle stimulation when contractile strength increases?
Immediately following the arrival of the stimulus at a skeletal muscle cell there is a short period called the ________ period during which the events of excitation-contraction coupling occur. A) relaxation B) latent C) contraction D) refractory - ANSWER B) latent Creatine phosphate functions in the muscle cell by ________. A) storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP B) forming a chemical compound with actin C) inducing a conformational change in the myofilaments D) forming a temporary chemical compound with myosin - ANSWER A) storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP After nervous stimulation of the muscle cell has ceased, the calcium ________. A) is destroyed by cholinesterase B) level in the cytoplasm drops C) is actively pumped into the extracellular fluid for storage until the next contraction D) is chemically bound to the filaments - ANSWER B) level in the cytoplasm drops The major function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction is to ________. A) regulate intracellular calcium concentration B) make and store phosphocreatine C) provide a source of myosin for the contraction process D) synthesize actin and myosin myofilaments - ANSWER A) regulate intracellular calcium concentration The striations of a skeletal muscle cell are produced, for the most part, by ________. A) a difference in the thickness of the sarcolemma B) the T tubules C) the arrangement of myofilaments D) the sarcoplasmic reticulum - ANSWER C) the arrangement of myofilaments Which of the following are composed of myosin? A) all myofilaments B) thin filaments C) Z discs D) thick filaments - ANSWER D) thick filaments
During muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges attach to which active sites? A) Z discs B) actin filaments C) myosin filaments D) thick filaments - ANSWER B) actin filaments Which of the following surrounds the individual muscle cell? A) endomysium B) perimysium C) epimysium D) fascicle - ANSWER A) endomysium Smooth muscles that act like skeletal muscles but are controlled by autonomic nerves and hormones are ________. A) red muscles B) single-unit muscles C) white muscles D) multiunit muscles - ANSWER D) multiunit muscles Rigor mortis occurs because ________. A) sodium ions leak out of the muscle B) no ATP is available to release attached actin and myosin molecules C) proteins are beginning to break down, thus preventing a flow of calcium ions D) the cells are dead - ANSWER B) no ATP is available to release attached actin and myosin molecules Which of the following does not act as a stimulus to initiate a muscle contraction? A) hormonal activity B) a change in the pH of a muscle C) a change of temperature D) neurotransmitters - ANSWER C) a change of temperature The term aponeurosis refers to ________. A) the rough endoplasmic reticulum B) the tropomyosin-troponin complex C) a sheetlike indirect attachment to a skeletal element D) the bands of myofibrils - ANSWER C) a sheetlike indirect attachment to a skeletal element The oxygen-binding protein found in muscle cells is ________. A) immunoglobin B) ATP C) myoglobin D) hemoglobin - ANSWER C) myoglobin
D) tone the muscles and stabilize the joints for the workout - ANSWER C) enhance the availability of calcium and the efficiency of enzyme systems During vigorous excercise, there may be insufficient oxygen available to completely break down pyruvic acid for energy. As a result, the pyruvic acid is converted to ________. A) lactic acid B) stearic acid C) hydrochloric acid D) a strong base - ANSWER A) lactic acid When a muscle is unable to respond to stimuli temporarily, it is in which of the following periods? A) relaxation period B) latent period C) refractory period D) fatigue period - ANSWER C) refractory period In an isotonic contraction, the muscle ________. A) never converts pyruvate to lactate B) changes in length and moves the "load" C) rapidly resynthesizes creatine phosphate and ATP D) does not change in length but increases tension - ANSWER B) changes in length and moves the "load" The muscle cell membrane is called the ________. A) epimysium B) perimysium C) sarcolemma D) endomysium - ANSWER C) sarcolemma Smooth muscle is significantly different from striated muscle in several ways. Which of the following is true? A) Smooth muscle has transverse tubules. B) The fibers of smooth muscle are arranged quadrangularly. C) Smooth muscle is larger and more powerful than striated muscle. D) Smooth muscle contracts in a twisting way. - ANSWER D) Smooth muscle contracts in a twisting way. The mechanism of contraction in smooth muscle is different from skeletal muscle in that ________. A) the site of calcium regulation differs B) actin and myosin interact by the sliding filament mechanism C) the trigger for contraction is a rise in intracellular calcium D) ATP energizes the sliding process - ANSWER A) the site of calcium regulation differs
The cells of single-unit visceral muscle ________. A) exhibit spontaneous action potentials B) are chemically coupled to one another by gap junctions C) contract all at once D) consist of muscle fibers that are structurally independent of each other - ANSWER A) exhibit spontaneous action potentials Which of the following statements is not true concerning developmental aspects of muscle? A) Most muscle tissues develop from myoblasts. B) Skeletal muscle is derived from mesoderm. C) There is no biological basis for the difference in strength between women and men. D) Skeletal muscle develops from somites. - ANSWER C) There is no biological basis for the difference in strength between women and men. Which of the following is true about smooth muscle contraction? A) Smooth muscle cannot stretch as much as skeletal muscle. B) Smooth muscle has well-developed T tubules at the site of invagination. C) Smooth muscle, in contrast to skeletal muscle, cannot synthesize or secrete any connective tissue elements. D) Certain smooth muscle cells can actually divide to increase their numbers.
- ANSWER D) Certain smooth muscle cells can actually divide to increase their numbers. Smooth muscle is characterized by all of the following except ________. A) it appears to lack troponin B) there are noncontractile intermediate filaments that attach to dense bodies within the cell C) there are no sarcomeres D) there are more thick filaments than thin filaments - ANSWER D) there are more thick filaments than thin filaments Muscle tissue has all of the following properties except ________. A) contractility B) excitability C) extensibility D) secretion - ANSWER D) secretion The giant protein titin maintains the organization of the ________ assisting in muscle stretching. A) M line B) I band C) Z disc D) A band - ANSWER D) A band
B) the diversity of activity of muscle tissue C) the design of the fibers D) the sarcoplasmic reticulum - ANSWER A) the ability to transform chemical energy into mechanical energy Three discrete types of muscle fibers are identified on the basis of their size, speed, and endurance. Which of the following athletic endeavors best represents the use of red fibers? A) playing baseball or basketball B) mountain climbing C) a sprint by an Olympic runner D) a long, relaxing swim - ANSWER D) a long, relaxing swim Of the following muscle types, which has only one nucleus, no sarcomeres, and rare gap junctions? A) cardiac muscle B) visceral smooth muscle C) multiunit smooth muscle D) skeletal muscle - ANSWER C) multiunit smooth muscle Hypothetically, if a muscle were stretched to the point where thick and thin filaments no longer overlapped ________. A) maximum force production would result since the muscle has a maximum range of travel B) ATP consumption would increase since the sarcomere is "trying" to contract C) cross bridge attachment would be optimum because of all the free binding sites on actin D) no muscle tension could be generated - ANSWER D) no muscle tension could be generated An individual has just ingested a chemical that binds irreversibly to the ACh receptors in the sarcolemma. By itself it does not alter membrane potential, yet prevents normal neurotransmitter binding. Ignoring the effects on any other system, the consequence to skeletal muscle would be ________. A) irreversible contraction as soon as the first nervous stimulation reached the sarcolemma B) no contraction at all by nervous mechanisms C) contraction if stimulated by an external electrode D) no contraction at all by nervous mechanisms, but contraction if stimulated by an external electrode - ANSWER D) no contraction at all by nervous mechanisms, but contraction if stimulated by an external electrode What are the similarities between all types of muscle? A) Skeletal and smooth muscle cells are elongated and are called muscle fibers
B) Muscle terminology is similar: Sarcolemma-muscle plasma membrane C) Muscle contraction depends on two kinds of myofilaments — actin and myosin D) Muscle terminology is similar: Sarcoplasm -cytoplasm of a muscle cell E) All of these are correct! - ANSWER E) All of these are correct! What are NOT similarities between all types of muscle? A) Muscle terminology is similar: Sarcolemma-muscle plasma membrane B) Skeletal and smooth muscle cells are elongated and are called muscle fibers C) Muscle contraction depends on two kinds of myofilaments — actin and myosin D) Muscle terminology is similar: Sarcoplasm -cytoplasm of a muscle cell E) Muscle terminology is similar: all have chondrocytes in lacunae - ANSWER E) Muscle terminology is similar: all have chondrocytes in lacunae Which of the following is incorrect A) Cardiac muscle is voluntary B) Smooth muscle is involuntary C) Skeletal muscle is voluntary D) Cardiac muscle has striations E) Skeletal muscle has striations - ANSWER A) Cardiac muscle is voluntary Which of the following is incorrect A) Cardiac muscle has striations B) Skeletal muscle is voluntary C) Smooth muscle does peristalsis D) Skeletal muscle has striations E) Cardiac muscle is involuntary - ANSWER C) Smooth muscle does peristalsis Which below is not a functional characteristic of muscle tissue? A) Dr. Sweet is the trickster- all of these are correct! B) Contractility C) Extensibility D) Excitability, or irritability E) Elasticity - ANSWER A) Dr. Sweet is the trickster- all of these are correct! Which below is not a functional characteristic of muscle tissue? A) Enhancibility B) Elasticity C) Excitability, or irritability D) Contractility E) Extensibility - ANSWER A) Enhancibility What is not a general function of muscle tissue?
C) origin D) insertion E) aponeurosis - ANSWER E) aponeurosis Which below is an attachment where the muscle's connective tissue wrapping extend beyond the muscle as a ropelike structure? A) origin B) insertion C) aponeurosis D) tendon E) direct - ANSWER D) tendon Which below is not a part of the myofibril structure? A) Dark A bands B) Z disc (or Z line) is a darker area at the midline of the I bands C) Light I zones D) M line is a dark line that bisects vertically the H-zone E) H-zone (zone seen only in relaxed fibers) a lighter stripe in the midsection of each A band - ANSWER C) Light I zones Which below is not a part of the myofibril structure? A) Z disc (or Z line) is a darker area at the midline of the I bands B) Dark D bands C) Light I bands D) M line is a dark line that bisects vertically the H-zone E) H-zone (zone seen only in relaxed fibers) a lighter stripe in the midsection of each A band - ANSWER B) Dark D bands What below is the contractile unit? A) thin filament B) t filament C) B structures D) not listed E) actin - ANSWER D) not listed What is the contractile unit? A) Two of these choices B) actin C) from Z to Z disk D) thin filament E) sarcomere - ANSWER E) sarcomere What diffuses in and out of the sarcolemma during a muscle contraction? A) troponin B) acetylcholine C) acetylcholinesterase
D) sodium and potassium E) tropomysin - ANSWER D) sodium and potassium What leads to the release of calcium at the neuromuscular junction? A) acetylcholine B) action potential C) acetylcholinesterase D) tropomysin E) troponin - ANSWER B) action potential Is the constant, slightly contracted state of all muscles, which does not produce active movement A) Muscle tone B) Eccentric contraction C) Muscle fatigue D) Oxygen debt E) Isotonic contraction - ANSWER A) Muscle tone Which type of muscle fiber will predominate in a person that runs or swims as fast as possible for 5 minutes, stops, waits a minute, and continues this process 10 times? A) Fast oxidative fibers B) Slow oxidative fibers C) Fast glycolytic fibers D) Slow glycolytic fibers - ANSWER A) Fast oxidative fibers Which of the following systems are not capable of producing antibodies that attach to foreign substances? (Select all that apply) A) Cardiovascular B) Endocrine C) Lymphatic D) Immune - ANSWER A) Cardiovascular B) Endocrine C) Lymphatic Which of the following system plays a role in protecting underlying organs from environmental damage and synthesizes vitamin D? A) Integumentary B) Skeletal C) Muscular D) Nervous E) CVS - ANSWER A) Integumentary What feedback mechanism is used during childbirth?
C) to control body movement D) to maintain homeostasis - ANSWER D) to maintain homeostasis Which of the following are functional characteristic of life? (Select all that apply) A) decay B) movement C) responsiveness to external stimuli D) maintenance of boundaries - ANSWER B) movement C) responsiveness to external stimuli D) maintenance of boundaries The numbers listed represent the number of electrons in the first, second, and third energy levels, respectively. On this basis, which of the following is an unstable or reactive atom? A) 2, 8, 1 B) 2 C) 2, 8 D) 2, 8, 8 - ANSWER A) 2, 8, 1 A bond in which electrons are completely lost or gained by the atoms involved. A) Nonpolar covalent bond B) Hydrogen bond C) Polar covalent bond D) Ionic bond - ANSWER D) Ionic bond First one or two letters of an element's name is the __________. A) Atomic symbol B) Mass number of an element C) Atomic number - ANSWER A) Atomic symbol Isotopes differ from each other only in the number of electrons the atom contains. T/F - ANSWER False A dipeptide can be broken into two amino acids by dehydration synthesis. T/F - ANSWER False Which of the following is are true of proteins? (Select all that apply)
A) They may be denatured or coagulated by heat or acidity. B) They have both functional and structural roles in the body. C) Their function depends on their three-dimensional shape. D) They appear to be the molecular carriers of coded hereditary information.
- ANSWER A) They may be denatured or coagulated by heat or acidity. B) They have both functional and structural roles in the body. C) Their function depends on their three-dimensional shape. Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of ________. A) triglycerides B) cholesterol C) glucose D) glycogen - ANSWER D) glycogen Which of the following does NOT describe enzymes? A) Each enzyme is chemically specific. B) Enzymes work by raising the energy of activation. C) Some enzymes are purely protein. D) Some enzymes are protein plus a co-factor. - ANSWER B) Enzymes work by raising the energy of activation. A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is usually associated with ________. A) a synthesis B) the consumption of energy C) the release of energy D) forming a larger molecule - ANSWER C) the release of energy What level of protein synthesis is represented by the coiling of the protein chain backbone into an alpha helix? A) secondary structure B) tertiary structure C) primary structure D) quaternary structure - ANSWER A) secondary structure The four elements that make up about 96% of body matter are ________. A) carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen B) nitrogen, hydrogen, calcium, sodium C) carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, calcium
