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BIOL1500 LAB FINAL EXAM
T/F: DNA is less resistant to processing compared to protiens - ANSWERS-False, DNA is more resistant In the GMO lab, what will always be amplified or present in gel? - ANSWERS-Plant primer Will the non GM food amplify GMO primer - ANSWERS-No because the non-GM food is not GM. Will the GM food/tester amplify GMO primer - ANSWERS-Yes, because the GM food has GM material How do you know if DNA was amplified? - ANSWERS-compare the molecular weight ruler to the PCR stained DNA What was processed first, non GMO or GMO? Why? - ANSWERS- non GMO. to reduce contamination. Process of extracting DNA in non/GM food - ANSWERS-1. weigh
- grind (break up cellular contents)
- input in tube
- add instagene
- boil (to denature enzyme)
- centrifuge (to sperate DNA from instagene/other contents) PCR does what to DNA? - ANSWERS-Amplifies target sequence of DNA 3 parts of PCR cycle - ANSWERS-1. Denaturation
- double stranded DNA to single stranded DNA
- heat is used to denature double stranded DNA template
- Annealing
- complimentary DNA strand hybridization
- Taq polymerase determines target loci so complimentary primers can be made
- Primers bind to DNA template
- Extension
- DNA strand synthesis via polymerase
- polymerase locates/binds to DNA template and primer: addition of nucleotides and extenstion occurs Target sequence is determined by what? - ANSWERS-Where primers anneal T/F: Primers provide a starting point for DNA polymerase. - ANSWERS-True
Why are salts and magnesium ions in master mix? - ANSWERS-they are used to assist in the optimal performance of Taq Polymerase What is a positive control in the GMO Lab? - ANSWERS-GMO positive template DNA Component needed for PCR to occur? - ANSWERS-Master mix DNA template oligonucleotide primers Taq DNA Polymerase Why does DNA move through the agarose gel? - ANSWERS-the negatively charged DNA moves towards the positive electrode What is required to visualize DNA during electrophoresis? - ANSWERS-Orange loading dye If lane 4 had a line after electrophoresis, what does that mean? - ANSWERS-Test food is a GM food (Osmosis and Diffusion Lab): What happened to the dialysis bag during the experiment? - ANSWERS-Diffusion occurred: High concentrations of molecules within dialysis bag diffused out of the bag and into starch solution. Causing starch solution to change color.
Osmosis occurred: Free water in the starch solution passed through and attached itself to solvents. Causing the weight of the dialysis bag to increase If you get something in your eyes in the lab, the proper procedure is to? - ANSWERS-immediately flush them at the eyewash station. Name one of the few places you can find your pulse according to the handout. - ANSWERS-radial pulse Which of the following is not included in lab safety equipment? - ANSWERS-Spectrophotometer T/F: The principle of similarity of causation says that what we learn today will be true tomorrow? - ANSWERS-False The variable that cannot be changed by the researcher in an experiment is the: - ANSWERS-dependent variable What are the 4 basic lab safety rules? - ANSWERS-1. Wear approved eye protection at all times
- Wear sensible clothing, tie hair back and low heeled shoes
- Place personal belongings away from work area & keep lab clean
- Avoid contamination
T/F: When taking amounts from a stock, it is advised that you do not pipette directly from the stock & you never return excess material back into the stock. - ANSWERS-True National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) developed a diamond- shaped segments used to label chemicals and rate their degree of hazard. What are the different degrees and segments? Define each. - ANSWERS-Segments:
- Red (flammability/top)
- Blue (toxicity/left)
- Yellow (reactivity/right)
- White (specific hazards/bottom). Degrees of hazard: 0 = none 1 = slight 2 = moderate 3 = severe 4 = extreme T/F: You should pipette by mouth. - ANSWERS-False How should you heat liquids? - ANSWERS-Water bath method: Heat liquids in a test tube by placing them in a beaker of boiling water.
T/F: We heat liquids greater than 100 degrees C - ANSWERS-False T/F: Safety showers are used for fires. - ANSWERS-False, they are only used for chemicals. 7 steps to an accident? - ANSWERS-1. Advise the TA if hurt.
- Flush burn areas with cold water for 20 minutes
- If substance is in eyes, wash in eyewash station. If substance gets on face, do not take eyewear off, just wash face.
- Wash area with soap/water if a chemical comes into contact
- Take off contaminated clothing
- Use stop-drop-roll-yell technique or fire blanket and extinguisher during a fire. If fire cannot be extinguished, evacuate and pull alarm.
- Ask instructor to assist with first aid. After you use a fire extinguisher, what must you do? - ANSWERS- Label it used. 2 things to do when trying to extinguish a fire? - ANSWERS-1. Try to turn off the supply of gas to the fire area
- Direct the spray from the extinguisher at the base of the flames. T/F: students can access first aid kit - ANSWERS-False, only TA's and other personnel.
- formulate hypothesis (null and alternative)
- Experiment
- Analyze
- Repeat Hypotheses must be and. - ANSWERS-testable and falsifiable T/F: A null hypothesis is a negative statement that tries to disprove something. An alternative hypothesis is a positive statement the scientist is trying to demonstrate. - ANSWERS-True independent vs dependent variable - ANSWERS-Independent variable: factors that cannot be controlled by the scientist but can be changed. I.e.: temperature, time, etc Dependent variable: factor that are determined by independent variable and can never be changed. I.e.: rate overtime, absorbance, enzymatic activity, etc Goal of analysis? - ANSWERS-Determine if results support or falsify the null hypothesis. T/F: rejection of null hypothesis can allow scientist to accept almost any alternative hypothesis. - ANSWERS-True
What is heart rate? - ANSWERS-number of beats per minute. Varying volumes of blood being pushed to extremities. What is the average heart rate? Who may have lower heart rates? - ANSWERS- 60 - 100 bpm. Athletes may have lower heart rates because they are conditioned to function off less oxygen. Who constructed one of the first compound microscopes? - ANSWERS-Galileo Galilei Two properties of light microscopes? - ANSWERS-Magnification and resolution What are electron microscopes and the two types of electron microscopes - ANSWERS-Electron microscopes are used to visualize cellular structures by using electron beams. The two types are SEM (3D) & TEM (cut image). Example of Null & Alternative Hypothesis - ANSWERS-Null: The type of fish will have no effect on time it takes to swim upstream. Alternative: The type of fish will have an effect on time it takes to swim upstream. Where are these parts located on a microscope?
- Ocular Lens
- Objective Lens
Hypertonic vs Hypotonic vs Isotonic - ANSWERS-Looks at the relative [] outside of the cell.
- Hypertonic: more molecules outside vs inside. Cell shrivels
- Hypotonic: less molecules outside vs inside. Cell bursts What is absorbance? - ANSWERS-The idea of light being taken in. What is transmittance? - ANSWERS-The idea of light that passing through a sample. 2 Factors that influence how much & how fast water flows across a membrane? - ANSWERS-Hydrostatic pressure on membrane and difference in solute [] across membrane. (Analytical Technique Lab): What was the average ideal wavelength for the class? Why? - ANSWERS-450 nm because it has the the maximum absorbance. (Osmosis and Diffusion Lab): What happened to the potato during the experiment? - ANSWERS-Increasing molarity of sucrose causes the potato mass to decrease. Antoni Leeuwenhoek discovered? - ANSWERS-Blood cells, spermatozoa and other microorganisms.
T/F: Light microscopes use visible light to visualize small structures. Yet it's magnification is limited by the wavelength of light. - ANSWERS-True T/F: High powered compound microscopes magnify up to 1000x and dissecting microscopes magnify up to 100x. - ANSWERS-True Magnification is? - ANSWERS-ratio of image size to actual size What is resolution? What is it determined by? - ANSWERS-It is the ability to clearly distinguish the individual parts of an object. I.e.: canon resloution is better than iphone resolution. It is determined by the quality of the lens, the diameter of the lens, magnification and visual acuity. What is focal plane? - ANSWERS-An Imaginary plane that has limits on how much light it takes in. In order to see the image clearly, adjust stage, coarse and fine adjustments. What is required for electron microscopes? - ANSWERS-metal ions and the death of the specimen. How to determine total magnification? - ANSWERS-Ocular x objective = magnification Ex: x10 x 40x = 400x
1 microL = D L - ANSWERS-A = 1 B = 1 C = 10^- 3 D = 10^- 6 Determine the ranges of measurment in P20, P200 and P1000. - ANSWERS-P20: 1-20 microL P200: 20 - 200 microL P2000: 100 (or 200) - 1000 microL Anatomy of a micropipette? - ANSWERS-1. Push button/ large adjustment knob
- tip ejector
- fine volume adjustment
- volume display
- tip ejector
- Shaft/ tip holder
- disposable tip How do you determine the volume for a P20, P200 & P micropipette? What would the microL be for a P20, P200 &P when volume displays "016"? - ANSWERS-P20: 10x 1x 0.1x
P
100x 10x 1x P 1000x 100x 10x P20: 1.6 microL P200: 16 microL P1000: 160 microL Accuracy vs. Precision - ANSWERS-Accuracy:
- intended measurement
- i.e.: measuring exactly 25.673 inches
- mean or average with percent error Precision
- replication/reproduced measurement
- i.e.: hitting the bulls eye 3 times
- standard deviation
As insulin attaches to glucose, what happens to glucose []? What is the function of insulin? - ANSWERS-glucose [] goes down. Insulin regulates glucose levels and provides to to cells What is insulin dependent diabetes? What effect does this type of diabetes have on the cell and body? - ANSWERS-A disease in which the pancreas stops producing insulin. This effects cells from attaining glucose/energy. This can cause cataracts, kidney failure and hardened arteries. You may be diabetic if... - ANSWERS- 2 glucose readings are higher than 200 mg/dl. What color is glucose? - ANSWERS-clear/ transparent (this is why chromogen was added to the solution in the Analytical Technique Lab). What was the topic of the very first written assignment? - ANSWERS-Alkaline phosphatase The Analytical Techniques Lab objective? - ANSWERS-Use a scientific equipment, analyze data and determine [] of glucose in an unknown sample. Diffusion & Osmosis Lab objective? - ANSWERS-analyze diffusion & osmosis at the cellular (potatoes) and artificial (dialysis bag) level
Define osmosis - ANSWERS-diffusion of water from an area of low solute [] to an area of high solute []. OR diffusion of water from an area of high free water [] to an area of low free water []. T/F: dialysis bags are more selective than cells - ANSWERS-False, cells are more selective to what will or will not pass through. Percent Change Formula - ANSWERS-Percent Change =[(final value−initial value)/initial value] * T/F: Molecules with higher weight pass through cell easily - ANSWERS-False Do plant cells burst in dH20 as easily as RBC? Why/ not? - ANSWERS-No because plants have cell walls. What will occur: hydrostatic pressure will try to equalize with osmotic pressure. RBC and dH20 is which type of solution? - ANSWERS-hypotonic solution because water will move into the RBC to attach to large molecules.
