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BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION | Biological Classification is the process of grouping organisms into categories (taxa) based on their similarities & dissimilarities. Gi) System of scientific naming & grouping of organisms. Gi) T+ helps in studying diversity of organisms. Gil) Biological classification is a dynamic & ever evolving process as new organisms are discovered. —> In 1969, Robert H. Whittaker proposed Five. Kingdom classification —» It classified organisms into Five major Kingdoms: 4 (Prokaryotes: Bacteria, Cyanobacteria) roti: (Unilcelular Eukoryotes: Algoe, Protezoans) + Fungi (Yeast, Moulds, Mushrooms) Plantae (All plants) + Animalia (All multicellular animals) — In 1969, Robert H. Whittaker proposed Five Kingdom classification. —> It classified organisms into five major aie i abana el Bacteria, Cyanobacteria) QUnicellular Eukaryotes: Algoe, ae (Yeast, Moulds, Mushrooms) = = ‘5 ntae (All plants) a imalia (All multicellular animals) * Includes all Prokaryotic organisms — Bacteria & Cyanobacteria (Blue algae). Most abundant and found everywhere: soil, water, air, inside bodies | organisms, hot springs, snow, etc. e Nutrition: could be autotrophic, saprophytic, Parasitic or symbiotic. * Mode of Respiration: could be Aerobic (require ©,) or Anaerobic (do r require Op. ° Mede Of Reproduction: asexual — Binary Fission (most common method reproduction), Budding, etc — Show high metabolic diversity. © Prekaryotes (me well defined nucleus or organelles) © Cellular structure: ° Prokaryotes (no well-defined nucleus or organelles) © Cellular structure: Gi) Have Cell wall mode of Peplidoeglycan, Gi) Nucleoid region: Contains circular, single chromosome of noked: DNA Git) Plasmid: Small circular DNA present in some bacteria. & ; Gv) Have flagella mostly yet Pili which helps in conjugation. ~ 5. Kingdom Fungi: q Includes Unicellular & Multicellular | : bound organelles a with nucleus & membr ° Grow in warm & moist places, could be terrestrial, saprophytic, parasit symbiotic. Body structure: Consists of long, slender, thread-like structures — Hy (mass of Hyphae is called Mycelium ) €ell wall: made up of Chitin. DE OF NUTRITION: —> Saprophytic — Obtain nutrition from dead organic matter. — Parasitic — Live on other organisms & absorb nutrition from host. Fig: Labeled diagram showing structure of a Fungus (Mushroom). Fig: Labeled diagram showing structure of a fungus (Mushroom). : Tet used in baking & brewing c 2m fungi : Penicillium —> Penicillin . ie Ingworm are diseases caused by Fungi bobs b bbb bbb bbb bbb bbb bbb bbb bbb b bbb bsbsbbdes PRAM E REET Gt 4 BU MD UDO YR B00 BO 0 0 i A a oon Panne ie. synthesize their own food with the help of phote > Kingdom Plantae forms the basis of fox * Their life cycle has disti generations. « Store reserve food as Starch. @ Provide us Oxygen, food, fuel, etc. * Based on presence or absence of distinct parts and various chara Plant kingdom is divided into following groups: * Plant Kingdom Is Divided Into S Groups: + Thallophyta Algae a Mosses (Amphibians of plant kingdom). 1 Monera have organisms with only prokaryotic organization, thus ne cellular organism like virus could be excluded. 2 Five kingdom classification system is based more on * biechemistery ¢ Physiology rather than on physical characteristics. 3. Kingdom Plantae forms the basis of food chain: 4. They reproduce sexually — Male & Fernale gametes fuse to form zye S. Store reserve food ae Glycogen & fats. 6. Able to move about actively in search of food. « Based on presence or absence of vorious characteristics, kingdom Anirr is divided into major Phyla: Kingdom Animalia Is Divided Inte 9 Major Phyla: + Penfee- Sponges — Hydra, Jellyfish hes — Tapeworm, Liver-fluke (Flatworms) © Nematoda - Ascaris, Roumdworm CRoundworms) . Shale eal Earthworm, Leech (Segmented worms) ea = Starfish, Sea urchin Lizard, Bird, Human cape oS 4. Chlamydomonas, a green algae is kept in Protista but Spirogyra, another green algae is kept in Plantae. ellular organisms are not separated, as illium are both kept in the same kingdom — RSH. 3. Kingdom iisiesiod aetisie: b both have organisms which are autotrophic as well as heterotroy : 4. A large number of organisms remain . Like Virus. 5. Phylogenetic trend (Evolutionary relationships) not clear. 6. Does not differentiate between Eukaryotes & Prokaryotes: which photosynthesize, as there are both in Monera and Plantae. s a| | Annelida | | Chordata \Grordeta| ( eiecta. Snpatioer- research led to more advanced classification systems like the Six Kingdo A and Three Demain classification. 
