BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, Study notes of Cell Biology

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BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
The bio logy major p rovides a unified
curriculum for undergraduates enrol led in
either the Co llege of Agriculture and Life
Sciences or the Colle ge o f Arts and Sciences.
Courses in biol ogical sciences are in tegral to
many disciplines and are basic requirements
in many schools and college s at Co rnell.
Graduate study in the bio logical s ciences is
administe red by more than 15 sp ecialize d
fields wit hin the Graduate School, as
descr ibed in the Field s of Study catalog at
www .gradschoo l.corn ell.ed u/?p =38.
In the College of Human Eco logy, the natural
sciences distribution require ment is for at least 6
credits selected from BIO G 109-110, 101 and
103 plus 102 and 104, 105-106 or 107-108 or
from s pecified courses in chemistry or physics.
Switch ing be tween BIO G 109-110 and either
BIO G 101-104 or 105-106 at midyear ma y
not be p ossible because o f variation in
presentation of topics. Students must re ceive
permis sion o f the instructor to switch
sequen ces. Taking sequenc es in reverse order
is stro ngly discou raged in BIO G 101-104 but
allo wed in BI O G 105-106.
5. Enrolle es in those courses in the
bio logica l scien ces in which animal use
is a compo nent may, at the p rofessor s
discreti on, be asked to sig n copies of
this statem ent (USE OF AN IMALS . . .)
at the first meetin g of the course.
ADVANCED PLACEMENT
For information on credit for advanced
placemen t in b iologi cal s ciences, s ee
www .biology.corne ll.ed u/advisi ng/a p.html.
ORGANIZATION
Many different departments p articipate in the
bio logy major.
Student services are pr ovided by the O ffice of
Undergra duate B iolog y (O UB), ww w.bi ology.
cornell .edu. Lo cated in Stimson Hall, the
profess ional and student ad visors pr ovide
academ ic and career advising, as we ll as help
undergraduates fin d research opport unities on
campus. Adviso rs in the OUB also foll ow the
progres s o f biol ogy majors and work clos ely
with faculty advisors. Additional services and
resources of the Bi ology Ce nter include
tutoring, lecture tapes, examin ation files , and
exten sive in formation on summer research
opport unitie s and gr aduate pro grams. T he
center has comfortab le areas for stu dying and
relaxing.
The Shoals Marine Laboratory, a coope rative
venture with the University of N ew
Hampshire, is locate d on App ledore Island in
the Gulf o f Maine. Its base offic e in Stimson
Hall provides acade mic advising fo r students
interested in the marine s ciences and
administers th e SEA Sem ester prog ram fo r
Cornell students pursuing studies at Wo ods
Hole, Mass., o r aboard the s choone r Rober t C.
Seama ns o r brigantin e Co nuith Cramer.
DISTRIBUTION REQUIREMENT
In the C ollege of Agri culture a nd Life
Sciences, the Physical and Life Scien ces
distribution requirement is a minimum of 18
credits, including at least 6 credits o f
introductory biolo gy sat isfied by BIO G 109-
110, 105-106, or 101 and 103 plus 102 and
104, o r 107-108.
For Students in the Co llege of Arts and
Sciences, all bio logy (BIO ) courses can be
used toward fulfillment of the bio logical
sciences distribution requirement. Pleas e see
the Arts and Sciences Distribution
Requirem ents sectio n o f this catalog for
further details. Th e fo llowi ng c ourses are
espec ially suitable for the distribution
requirem ent beca use they h ave no
prerequisite: BIO G 101-104, 105-106, 107-108,
109-110, 170; B IOAP 212; BIOEE 154, 207,
275; BIO GD 184; B IOMI 192; BIONB 111;
BIOPL 240, 241.
USE OF AN IMALS IN THE BIOLOGICAL
SCIENCES CURRICULUM : CORNELL
UNIVERSITY
Students wis hing to enroll in b iolog y ( BIO ”)
courses should know and under stand the
follow ing criteria relative to the use o f animals
in the teachin g progr am, as passed b y the
faculty of the Divisio n o f Bio logical Sci ences
in 1988, and reaffirm ed in 1997:
1. Live animals w ill be us ed for teaching
in cer tain courses in the biological
sciences. Some animals will require
humane euthanasia after they have
been used for teaching.
2. Courses bearin g the BIO des cription
conf orm to the rules for the care of
such an imals as outlined in G uid in g
Pri ncipl es in the Care a nd Use o f
An im als (a s app roved by the Council
of the American Physio logical Society),
the Guide for the Care and U se o f
Labor atory Anim als (D HEW publi cation
86-23, revised 1996; se e p. 7, Courses
o f Study ), the Animal Welfar e Act, and
the New York State Pub lic Health Law.
Within these regulations, and in
kee ping with the principle o f Acade mic
Free dom of th e Faculty, the use o f
animals to aid in teac hing any
bio logical sciences discipline is at the
discretion of the pro fessor in charge.
3- Each course, as well as research
projects, in which animals are used
receiv es a formal review annually b y the
Cornell University Institutional Animal
Care and Use Committee (IACUC).
4. Any c oncerns regarding the use of live
animals in teach ing shou ld be
addres sed first t o the faculty member
respo nsible for that course. H e o r she
is re quired to be in c omplia nce w ith all
applicab le regulations an d guidelin es.
Alternati vely, students may choose to
address their concern s to the di rector
o f the C ornell Center f or Researc h
Anim al Resources, Dr. M ichele Bailey,
at 253-3520. The director may initiate
discussion w ith the f aculty me mber
respo nsible for a particular c ourse
with out in volvin g the student if he or
she woul d p refer to remain anonymous.
THE MAJOR
The major of biological sciences is available to
students e nrolle d in either the Col lege of
Agricu lture an d Life Sciences or the Colle ge o f
Arts and Sciences. T he u ndergraduate program
is coordinate d for students in both college s by
the Offic e o f Undergrad uate Biology . By
com pletion of the sophom ore year, all
students w ho intend to m ajor in biologic al
scienc es must decl are the major and a
prog ram of study th rough the Offi ce o f
Undergradu ate Bi olog y, in 216 Stimson Hall.
Wh eneve r poss ible, students s hould inc lude
the introduc tory bi ology, chemistry, and
mathematics s equence s in their freshman
sched ule and c omple te the organic ch emistry
lecture course in th eir soph omor e year.
Bio logy majors should regularly monitor their
progress in the major, an d should assess as
realistic ally as p ossible the li kelihood of
achievin g at a level that is consistent with
their academic a nd pers onal goals. Weak
perf ormance in cor e courses, particularly after
the freshman year, may indicate a n eed to
reevaluate aptitude and ge nuine interest in the
major. Students with questions, particularly
with concerns about their ability to com plete
the major, are encou raged to cons ult with
their b iolo gy advi sor and to take advanta ge o f
the advising and counseli ng resources of the
Off ice o f Under graduate Biology as we ll as
those of the un iversity an d their college.
The requiremen ts for the biol ogical sciences
major are lis ted belo w. Requirements 1-9 must
be taken f or a letter grade. Courses ta ken for
the program o f study should be taken f or a
letter grade unless the course is off ered for
S-U grades only or if the student’s advis or
grants permission.
1. Introductory biology for majors
(on e year ): B IO G 101 and 103 plus
102 and 104, o r 105-106. BIO G 107-
108, offe red during the eigh t-week
Cornell summer session for 8 credits,
also satisfies the introduc tory biolo gy
requiremen t for majors.
2. General chemistry: CHEM 207-208 or
215. Students w ho, via ad vanced
placem ent, take only CHEM 208 o r
only 215 s hould b e aware that some
profession al and graduate schools
requi re 8 c redits o f gene ral chemistry.
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BI OL OGI CAL SCI ENCE S

The biology major provides a unified curriculum for undergraduates enrolled in either the College o f Agriculture and Life Sciences or the College o f Arts and Sciences. Courses in biological sciences are integral to many disciplines and are basic requirements in many schools and colleges at Cornell.

Graduate study in the biological sciences is administered by more than 15 specialized fields within the Graduate School, as described in the Fields o f Study catalog at www.gradschool.cornell.edu/?p=38.

In the College o f Human Ecology, the natural sciences distribution requirement is for at least 6 credits selected from BIO G 109-110, 101 and 103 plus 102 and 104, 105-106 or 107-108 or from specified courses in chemistry or physics.

Switching between BIO G 109-110 and either BIO G 101-104 or 105-106 at midyear may not be possible because o f variation in presentation o f topics. Students must receive permission o f the instructor to switch sequences. Taking sequences in reverse order is strongly discouraged in BIO G 101-104 but allowed in BIO G 105-106.

  1. Enrollees in those courses in the biological sciences in which animal use is a component may, at the professor’s discretion, be asked to sign copies o f this statement (USE OF ANIMALS.. .) at the first meeting o f the course.”

ADVANCED PLACEMENT For information on credit for advanced placement in biological sciences, see www.biology.cornell.edu/advising/ap.html.

ORGANIZATION Many different departments participate in the biology major. Student services are provided by the Office o f Undergraduate Biology (O U B), w w w .biology. cornell.edu. Located in Stimson Hall, the professional and student advisors provide academic and career advising, as well as help undergraduates find research opportunities on campus. Advisors in the OUB also follow the progress o f biology majors and work closely with faculty advisors. Additional services and resources o f the Biology Center include tutoring, lecture tapes, examination files, and extensive information on summer research opportunities and graduate programs. The center has comfortable areas for studying and relaxing.

The Shoals Marine Laboratory, a cooperative venture with the University o f N ew Hampshire, is located on Appledore Island in the Gulf o f Maine. Its base office in Stimson Hall provides academic advising for students interested in the marine sciences and administers the SEA Semester program for Cornell students pursuing studies at W oods Hole, Mass., or aboard the schooner Robert C. Seamans or brigantine Conuith Cramer.

DISTRIBUTION REQUIREMENT In the College o f Agriculture and Life Sciences, the Physical and Life Sciences distribution requirement is a minimum o f 18 credits, including at least 6 credits o f introductory biology satisfied by BIO G 109- 110, 105-106, or 101 and 103 plus 102 and 104, or 107-108. For Students in the College o f Arts and Sciences, all biology ( “B IO ”) courses can be used toward fulfillment o f the biological sciences distribution requirement. Please see the Arts and Sciences “Distribution Requirements” section o f this catalog for further details. The follow ing courses are especially suitable for the distribution requirement because they have no prerequisite: BIO G 101-104, 105-106, 107-108, 109-110, 170; BIOAP 212; BIOEE 154, 207, 275; BIOGD 184; BIOMI 192; BIONB 111; BIOPL 240, 241.

USE OF ANIMALS IN THE BIOLOGICAL

SCIENCES CURRICULUM: CORNELL

UNIVERSITY Students wishing to enroll in biology ( “B IO ”) courses should know and understand the follow ing criteria relative to the use o f animals in the teaching program, as passed by the faculty o f the Division o f Biological Sciences in 1988, and reaffirmed in 1997:

  1. “Live animals will be used for teaching in certain courses in the biological sciences. Some animals will require humane euthanasia after they have been used for teaching.
  2. Courses bearing the “B IO ” description conform to the rules for the care o f such animals as outlined in G uiding Principles in the Care a n d Use o f A nim als (as approved by the Council o f the American Physiological Society), the Guide for the Care and Use o f Laboratory Animals (D H E W publication 86-23, revised 1996; see p. 7, Courses o f Study), the Animal Welfare Act, and the N e w York State Public Health Law. Within these regulations, and in keeping with the principle o f Academic Freedom o f the Faculty, the use o f animals to aid in teaching any biological sciences discipline is at the discretion o f the professor in charge.

3- Each course, as well as research projects, in which animals are used receives a formal review annually by the Cornell University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC).

  1. Any concerns regarding the use o f live animals in teaching should be addressed first to the faculty member responsible for that course. H e or she is required to be in compliance with all applicable regulations and guidelines. Alternatively, students may choose to address their concerns to the director o f the Cornell Center for Research Animal Resources, Dr. Michele Bailey, at 253-3520. The director may initiate discussion with the faculty member responsible for a particular course without involving the student if he or she would prefer to remain anonymous.

THE MAJOR The major o f biological sciences is available to students enrolled in either the College o f Agriculture and Life Sciences or the College o f Arts and Sciences. The undergraduate program is coordinated for students in both colleges by the O ffice o f Undergraduate Biology. By com pletion o f the sophomore year, all students w h o intend to major in biological sciences must declare the major and a program o f study through the Office o f Undergraduate Biology, in 216 Stimson Hall. W henever possible, students should include the introductory biology, chemistry, and mathematics sequences in their freshman schedule and com plete the organic chemistry lecture course in their sophomore year. B iology majors should regularly monitor their progress in the major, and should assess as realistically as possible the likelihood o f achieving at a level that is consistent with their academic and personal goals. Weak performance in core courses, particularly after the freshman year, may indicate a need to reevaluate aptitude and genuine interest in the major. Students with questions, particularly with concerns about their ability to complete the major, are encouraged to consult with their b iology advisor and to take advantage o f the advising and counseling resources o f the Office o f Undergraduate Biology as well as those o f the university and their college.

The requirements for the biological sciences major are listed below. Requirements 1-9 must be taken for a letter grade. Courses taken for the program o f study should be taken for a letter grade unless the course is offered for S-U grades only or if the student’s advisor grants permission. 1. Introductory biology for majors (o n e year): BIO G 101 and 103 plus 102 and 104, or 105-106. BIO G 107- 108, offered during the eight-week Cornell summer session for 8 credits, also satisfies the introductory biology requirement for majors.

  1. General chemistry: CHEM 207-208 or
    1. Students who, via advanced placement, take only CHEM 208 or only 215 should be aware that some professional and graduate schools require 8 credits o f general chemistry.

1 56 B I O L O G I C A L^ S C I E N C E S^ -^2 I ill]^8

These students may wish to take both CHEM 215 and 208 or 215 and 216. Students may wish to consult with their faculty advisor or advisors in the Office o f Undergraduate Biology for further clarification.

  1. College mathematics (on e year): one semester o f calculus (M ATH 106, 111, 191, or their equivalent) plus one semester selected from the following:

a. a second semester o f calculus (MATH 112, 192, or their equivalents). b. a course in finite mathematics (M ATH 105). c. a course in statistics (BTRY 301, MATH 171, AEM 210, ILR 212, PSYCH 350, PAM 210, ECON 319, ECON 321, SOC 301).

  1. Organic chemistry: CHEM 257 and 251, or 357-358 and 251, or 357- and 301, or 359-360 and 251, or 359- 360 and 301.
  2. Physics: PHYS 101-102, 207-208,* or 112-213.* Those w h o take PHYS 112- 213 are advised to complete PHYS 214 as well.
  3. Genetics: BIOGD 281.
  4. Biochemistry: BIOBM 330, or 331 and 332, or 333.
  5. Evolutionary biology: BIOEE 278 or BIOPL 448. Note: BIOPL 241 Botany is a prerequisite course to BIOPL 448.
  6. A program of study selected from the outline below.

Although not required for the biological sciences major, a course in statistics is recommended for all b iology students. Students should consult their faculty advisors when choosing appropriate courses in statistics.

Note: Core courses cannot count toward the program o f study requirements.

Programs of Study and Requirements As noted in the list o f requirements above, students accepted into the biological sciences major must choose a program o f study. Whereas the core requirements o f the biology curriculum provide the common foundation deem ed essential for all b iology majors, the role o f the program o f study is to provide either a concentration in a particular area o f biology or, in the case o f the general biology program o f study, a survey o f b iology that is broad but not superficial. The program o f study requirement can be met by taking 13 to 15 credit hours o f courses chosen by the student in consultation with his or her biology advisor. Programs o f study for particular subject areas are designed by faculty members specializing in the subject. Typically, the program o f study consists o f one or more courses that provide foundation in the subject and a list o f optional courses from that area or related areas, many o f which are at an advanced level (300 or higher). Because biology is an experimental science, most programs o f study require one or more laboratory courses. The laboratory requirement in some programs o f study can be met by participation in the independent research course (B IO G 499). The possible

programs o f study and their requirements are listed below:

  1. Anim al Physiology: BIOAP 311 Introductory Animal Physiology, BIOAP 316 Cellular Physiology, plus a minimum o f 7 credit hours selected from the follow in g lecture and laboratory courses, o f which at least 4 credit hours must be a laboratory course.

a. Lecture courses: BEE 454 Physiological Engineering; A N SC 300 Animal Reproduction and Development; A N SC 410 Nutritional Physiology and Metabolism; AN SC 427 Fundamentals o f Endocrinology; BIO G 305 Basic Immunology; BIOAP 214 Biological Basis o f Sex Differences; BIOAP 458 Mammalian Physiology; BIOAP 475 Mechanisms Underlying Mammalian Developmental Defects; BIOAP 489 Mammalian Embryology; BIOBM 407 Nature o f Sensing and Response: Signal Transduction in Biological Systems; BIOBM 437 Eukaryotic Cell Proliferation; BIOGD 385 Developmental Biology; BIOGD 400 A Genomics Approach to Studying Life; BIOGD 401 Genomic Analysis; BIOGD 483 Molecular Aspects o f Development; BIOGD 610 Genomes as Chromosomes; BIOGD 612 O verview o f M odel Genetic Organisms; BIONB 322 Hormones and Behavior; BIONB 325 Neurodiseases- Molecular Aspects; BIONB 326 The Visual System; BIONB 492 Sensory Function; NS 331 Physiological and Biochemical Bases o f Human Nutrition.

b. Laboratory courses: BEE 454 Physiological Engineering; A N SC 301 Animal Reproduction and Development; BIO G 401 Introduction to Scanning Microscopy; BIO G 403 Transmission Electron Microscopy for Biologists; BIOAP 413 Histology: The Biology o f the Tissues; BIOAP 319 Animal Physiology Laboratory; BIOAP 416 Cellular Physiology and Genomics Laboratory; BIOBM 440 Laboratory in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; BIONB 491 Principles o f Neurophysiology.

  1. Biochemistry: BIOBM 440 Laboratory in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; physical chemistry (CHEM 287-288 or 389-390 or 389-288); 6 credits o f organic chemistry (CHEM 357-358 or CHEM 359- 360); plus on e o f the follow in g two alternatives. Students wanting to maximize their background in chemistry should take CHEM 300 Quantitative Chemistry and CHEM 301 Honors Experimental Chemistry I. Students wanting to gain further depth in biochemistry and related disciplines should take BIOBM 432 Survey o f Cell B iology and either CHEM 300 Quantitative Chemistry or CHEM 252 Elementary Experimental Organic Chemistry. Students choosing the first alternative are encouraged to take BIOBM

Notes: - CHEM 288 is designed for biologists. Five hours o f biochemistry are recommended (331 and 332, or 330 and 334 or 333 and 334). Students interested in graduate work

in biochemistry should take PHYS 207- 208 and should consider taking CHEM 389-390 and its prerequisites. They should be sure to complete CHEM 207-208 or 215-216 during their freshman year.

  • Biology majors in the College o f Agriculture and Life Sciences w h o select the biochemistry program are allowed to take up to 61 credit hours in the endowed colleges because o f the high number o f required endow ed courses for this program o f study.
  1. Computational Biology: Computation has becom e essential to biological research. Genomic databases, protein databanks, MRI images o f the human brain, and remote sensing data on landscapes contain unprecedented amounts o f detailed information that are transforming almost all o f biology.

Problems investigated by computational biologists include topics as diverse as the genetics o f disease susceptibility; comparing entire genom es to reveal the evolutionary history o f life; predicting the structure, motions, and interactions o f proteins; designing new therapeutic drugs; modeling the com plex signaling mechanisms within cells; predicting how ecosystems will respond to climate change; and designing recovery plans for endangered species. The computational biologist must have skills in mathematics, statistics, and the physical sciences as well as in biology. A key goal in training is to develop the ability to relate biological processes to computational models. Cornell faculty work primarily in four subareas o f computational biology: biomolecular structure, bioinformatics and data mining, ecology and evolutionary biology, and statistical and computational methods for m odeling biological systems. Specific topics o f study include DNA databases, protein structure and function, computational neuroscience, biomechanics, population genetics, and management o f natural and agricultural systems.

Beyond core skills in mathematics, physical sciences, and biology, the computational b iology program o f study requires additional course w ork in mathematics and computer programming, a “bridging” course aimed at connecting b iology to computation, and an advanced course where the theoretical/ computational com ponent o f one aspect o f b iology is studied. Students should enroll in the more rigorous courses in the physical and mathematical sciences and may wish to take additional courses in these areas. Computational b iology has applications as broad as b iology itself. The problems o f interest and the tools available to study them are constantly evolving, so students are encouraged to gain fundamental skills that will serve them throughout their careers. There is great, and increasing, demand for research scientists and technical personnel w h o can bring mathematical and computational skills to the study o f biological problems. The program is also an excellent preparation for graduate study in any area o f biology or computational biology.

158 B I O L O G I C A L^ S C I E N C E S^ -^2 [ ' I ' •Jil^8

  1. Genetics and Development: A minimum o f 13 credits, usually chosen from the follow ing courses: BIOGD 385 Developmental Biology; BIOGD 400 A Genomics Approach to Studying Life; BIOGD 401 Genomics Analysis; BIOGD 450 Vertebrate Development; BIOGD 480 Seminar in Developmental Biology; BIOGD 481 Population Genetics; BIOGD 482 Human Genetics and Society; BIOGD 483 Advanced Developmental Biology; BIOGD 484 Molecular Evolution; BIOGD 486 Advanced Eukaryotic Genetics; BIOGD 487 Human Genomics; BIOGD 489 Mammalian Embryology; BIOGD 490 Manipulating the Mouse Genome; BIOGD 610-624 Genomics Modules; BIOGD 640 Stem Cell Biology; BIOGD 682 Fertilization and the Early Embryo; BIOGD 684 Advanced Topics in Population Genetics; BIOGD 687 Developmental Genetics; BIOGD 689 Cellular Basis o f Development; BIOMI 420 Microbial Genomics; BIOMI 485 Bacterial Genetics; ENTOM 400 Insect Development; BIOAP 475 Mechanisms Underlying Mammalian Developmental Defects; BIONB 493 Developmental Neurobiology; BIONB 495 Molecular and Genetic Approaches to Neuroscience; BIOBM 437 Cell Proliferation and Senescence; BIOBM 439 Molecular Basis o f Human Disease; NS 608 Epigenetics; BIOBM 633 Biosynthesis o f Macromolecules; BIOBM 639 The Nucleus; BIOEE 453 Speciation; PL BR 403 Genetic Improvement o f Crop Plants; PL BR 606 Advanced Plant Genetics; BIOPL 343 Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering o f Plants; BIOPL 482 Plant Molecular Biology II; BIOPL 483 Plant Molecular Biology I; BIOPL 641 Laboratory in Plant Molecular Biology. Up to 3 credits for this program o f study may be chosen from other biological sciences courses, including BIO G 499 Independent Undergraduate Research in Biology, with approval from the faculty advisor.
  2. Insect Biology: ENTOM 212 Insect Biology plus a minimum o f three additional courses totaling at least 9 credits selected from the following tw o groups. At least one o f the three additional courses must be selected from group a.

Group a: ENTOM 322 Insect Morphology; ENTOM 331 Insect Phylogeny and Evolution; ENTOM 333 Larval Insect Biology; ENTOM 400 Insect Development; ENTOM 455 Insect Ecology; ENTOM 483 Insect Physiology Group b: ENTOM 315 Spider Biology; ENTOM 325 Insect Behavior; ENTOM 344 Insect Conservation Biology; ENTOM 352 Medical and Veterinary Entomology; ENTOM 369 Chemical Ecology; ENTOM 370 Pesticides, Environment, and Human Health; ENTOM 394 Circadian Rhythms; ENTOM 443 Entomology and Pathology o f Trees and Shrubs; ENTOM 444 Integrated Pest Management; ENTOM 452 Herbivores and Plants; ENTOM 453 Principles and Practice o f Historical Biogeography; ENTOM 456 Stream Ecology; ENTOM 463 Invertebrate Pathology; ENTOM 470 Ecological Genetics; ENTOM 477 Biological Control; ENTOM 490 Insect Toxicology

  1. Microbiology: Students in the M icrobiology program o f study must com plete BIOMI 290 General Microbiology, Lee; BIOMI 291 General Microbiology, Lab. At least 8 additional credits are required, which must include at least one o f the follow in g courses: BIOM I 414 Bacterial Diversity; BIOMI 416 Bacterial Physiology; BIOMI 418 Microbial Ecology; BIOMI 485 Bacterial Genetics. Additional approved courses are included in the list below. Students are invited to com plete their requirements in one o f three areas o f interest (these are only recommended areas o f interest; students can design their ow n course list as long as they meet the requirements described above): (a ) Prokaryotic Biology, (b ) Molecular M icrobiology and Biotechnology, and (c ) Pathogenic Microbiology. Courses acceptable to the program o f study that cover topics related to a particular area o f interest are:

Prokaryotic Biology: BIOM I 391 Advanced M icrobiology Laboratory; BIOM I 414 Bacterial Diversity; BIOM I 416 Bacterial Physiology; and BIOMI 418 Microbial Ecology. M olecu la r M icrobiology a nd Biotechnology: BIOMI 391 Advanced Microbiology Laboratory; BIOMI 416 Bacterial Physiology; BIOMI 420 Microbial Genomics; BIOMI 485 Bacterial Genetics; and BIOMI 394 Applied and Food Microbiology. Pathogenic M icrobiology: BIOMI 404 Pathogenic Bacteriology and Mycology; BIOMI 409 Viruses and Disease; BIOMI 417 Medical Parasitology; and BIOM I 485 Bacterial Genetics.

  1. Molecular and Cell Biology: CHEM 357-358 or 359-360; BIOBM 432 Survey o f Cell Biology; BIOBM 440 Laboratory in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, or BIONB 430 Experimental Molecular Neurobiology; and at least 7 additional credits o f courses that have a cell biological or molecular biological orientation. The 7 additional hours should include at least tw o courses from the follow in g list: BIOAP 416 Cellular Physiology and Genomics Laboratory; BIOBM 401 Genomic Analysis; BIOBM 434 Applications o f Molecular Biology; BIOBM 435-436 Undergraduate Seminar in Biochemistry; BIOBM 437 Regulation o f Cell Proliferation, Senescence, and Death; BIOBM 439 Molecular Basis o f Human Disease; BIO G 305 Immunology; BIOGD 385 Developmental Biology; BIOGD 400 A Genomics Approach to Studying Life; BIOGD 46l Development and Evolution; BIOGD 484 Molecular Evolution; BIOGD 486 Advanced Eukaryotic Genetics; BIOGD 487 Human Genomics; BIOGD 490 Manipulating The Mouse Genome; BIOMI 409 Principles o f Virology; BIOMI 420 Microbial Genomics; BIOM I 485 Bacterial Genetics; BIONB 425 Molecular Neurophysiology; BIONB 495 Molecular and Genetic Approaches to Neurosciences; BIOPL 343 Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering o f Plants; BIOPL 347 Laboratory in Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering o f Plants; BIOPL 444 Plant Cell Biology. Students graduating in spring 2008 or earlier may include BIOM I 290 General

Microbiology, Lee, and BIONB 222 Neurobiology and Behavior II: Introduction to Neurobiology. Graduate- level courses such as BIOBM 631 Protein Structure and Function; BIOBM 633 Biosynthesis o f Macromolecules; BIOBM

636 Functional Organization o f Eukaryotic

Cells; and BIOBM 639 The Nucleus are also acceptable by permission o f advisor. Five hours o f biochemistry are recomm ended (BIOBM 331 and 332, or 330 and 334, or 333 and 334). CHEM 207- 208 or 215-216 should be com pleted in the freshman year.

  1. Neurobiology and Behavior: The two- semester introductory course sequence Neurobiology and Behavior I and II (B IO N B 221 and 222) with discussion section (4 credits per semester) and 7 additional credits. The 7 additional credits must include at least one advanced course from the BIONB offerings. “Topics” courses (B IO N B 420s and 720s), independent study (B IO G 499), BIONB 321, and PSYCH 423 may be used as supplemental credits but do not qualify as advanced courses. Note: Students w ho declare the program o f study in Neurobiology and Behavior after taking BIONB 221 or 222 for only 3 credits must still take the 1-credit discussion section in BIONB 221 and 222. To arrange this, the student should consult the professors in charge o f the tw o courses.
    1. Nutrition: NS 331 Physiological and Biochemical Bases o f Human Nutrition ( credits) and at least 9 credits o f additional course work in the biological aspects o f nutrition, such as NS 122 Nutrition and the Life Cycle; NS 315 Obesity and the Regulation o f B ody Weight; NS 332 Methods in Nutritional Sciences; NS 341 Human Anatomy and Physiology; NS 347 Human Growth and Development; NS 361 B iology o f Normal and Abnormal Behavior; NS 421 Nutrition and Exercise; NS 441 Nutrition and Disease; NS 452 Epidem iology and Dietary Markers o f Chronic Disease; NS 603 (alternate years) Mineral Nutrition: Metabolic, Health, and Environmental Aspects; NS 614 Topics in Maternal and Child Nutrition; NS 631 Micronutrients: Function, Homeostasis, and Metabolism; and NS 632 Regulation o f Macronutrient Metabolism. Some courses require NS 115 Nutrition, Health, and Society, which may be used as part o f the additional 9 credits. Note: For students in the College o f Agriculture and Life Sciences, credits in NS courses count toward the required 55 CALS credits. For students in the College o f Arts and Sciences, NS credits will count toward the 100 hours required in A&S if those credits fulfill major requirements.
    2. Plant Biology: Students choose one area o f study from the follow in g tw o options: Option (a ) Botany: Students are required to take BIOPL 241 Introductory Botany. Students should then choose, with the aid o f their faculty advisor, a minimum o f three o f the follow in g courses, for a total o f at least 10 additional credits, to round out their botanical training: BIOPL 242 and 244 Plant Function and Growth, Lee and Lab; BIOPL 243 Taxonom y o f Cultivated Plants; BIOPL 245 Plant

T HE MA J O R 159

Biology; BIOPL 247 Ethnobiology; BIOPL 248 Taxonomy o f Vascular Plants; BIOPL 340 Methods in Biological and Biochemical Prospecting; BIOPL 342 and 344 Plant Physiology, Lee and Lab; BIOPL 343 and 347 Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering o f Plants, Lee and Lab; BIOPL 345 Plant Anatomy; BIOPL 348 The Healing Forest; BIOPL 359 Biology o f Grasses; BIOPL 380 Strategies and Methods in Drug Discovery; BIOPL 404 Crop Evolution, Domestication, and Diversity; BIOPL 422 Plant Development; BIOPL 440 Phylogenetic Systematics; BIOPL 442 Current Topics in Ethnobiology; BIOPL 444 Plant Cell Biology; BIOPL 447 Molecular Systematics; BIOPL 448 Plant Evolution and the Fossil Record; BIOPL 449 Green Signals and Triggers— The Plant Hormones; BIOPL 452/454 Systematics o f Tropical Plants and Field Lab; BIOPL 453 Principles and Practice o f Historical Biogeography; BIOPL 462 Plant Biochemistry; BIOEE 452 Herbivores and Plants; BIOEE 463 and 465 Plant Ecology and Population Biology, Lee and Lab; or BIOEE 466 and 468 Physiological Plant Ecology, Lee and Lab.

Option (b ) Plant Biotechnology: Students are required to take BIOPL 343 and 347 Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering o f Plants, Lee and Lab. Students choose, in consultation with their faculty advisor, a minimum o f 10 additional credits from the follow ing list: BIOPL 241 Introductory Botany; BIOPL 242 and 244 Plant Function and Growth, Lee and Lab; BIOPL 342 and 344 Plant Physiology, Lee and Lab; BIOPL 422 Plant Development; BIOPL 444 Plant Cell Biology; BIOPL 462 Plant Biochemistry; BIOPL 482, 483 Plant Molecular Biology I and II modules; PL BR 401 Plant Cell and Tissue Culture; or PL BR 402 Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory.

  1. Systematics and Biotic Diversity: A minimum o f 13 credits from the follow ing two groups, including at least 7 credits from group a and three from group b and at least two laboratory courses (marked with *). BIO G 499, Independent Undergraduate Research in Biology, with approval o f the advisor, can be used in fulfillment o f up to 4 credits in group (a), and can count as one laboratory course if it has a laboratory component o f 2 or more credits.

a. ‘ BIOEE 264 Tropical Field Ornithology; ‘ BIOEE 274 The Vertebrates: Structure, Function, and Evolution; BIOEE 371 Human Paleontology; ‘ BIOEE 373 Biology o f the Marine Invertebrates; BIOEE 405 Biology o f the Neotropics; BIOEE 470 Herpetology, Lee; ‘ BIOEE 471 Mammalogy; ‘ BIOEE 472 Herpetology, Lab; ‘ BIOEE 475 Ornithology; ‘ BIOEE 476 Biology o f Fishes; BIOEE 477 Marine Invertebrates Seminar; BIOMI 290 General Microbiology, Lee; ‘ BIOMI 291 General Microbiology, Lab; BIOMI 414 Prokaryotic Diversity, Lee; ‘ BIOPL 241 Introductory Botany; •BIOPL 243 Taxonomy o f Cultivated Plants; ‘ BIOPL 245 Plant Biology; BIOPL 247 Ethnobiology; ‘ BIOPL 248 Taxonomy o f Vascular Plants; BIOPL 348 The Healing Forest; BIOPL 359 Biology o f Grasses; BIOPL 452

Systematics o f Tropical Plants; ‘ BIOPL 454 Systematics o f Tropical Plants: Field Laboratory; ‘ ENTOM 212 Insect Biology; ENTOM 215 Spider Biology: Life on a Silken Thread; ENTOM 315 Spider Biology; ‘ ENTOM 322 Comparative Insect Morphology; •ENTOM 331 Introductory Insect Systematics; ‘ ENTOM 333 Maggots, Grubs, and Cutworms: Larval Insect Biology; ‘ ENTOM 631 Systematics o f the Coleoptera; PL PA 309 Introductory Mycology; *PL PA 319 Field Mycology.

b. BIOEE 453 Speciation; BIOEE 464 Macroevolution; BIOEE 479 Paleobiology; ‘ BIOPL 440 Phylogenetic Systematics; BIOPL 442 Current Topics in Ethnobiology BIOPL 447 Molecular Systematics; ‘ BIOPL 448 Plant Evolution and the Fossil Record; ‘ BIOPL 453 Principles and Practices o f Historical Biogeography.

The Minor in Biological Sciences The minor in biological sciences has been designed to provide students with a broad background in biology while allowing them some flexibility to choose courses o f interest. Students must have completed one full year o f introductory biology (o r its equivalent) to declare the minor. Students will complete 12 to 15 credits by taking either all three biology core course requirements (listed b elow ) or two biology core course requirements and 5 or more biology credits from the lists o f approved program o f study courses (found in Courses o f Study ) or from the following list o f courses:

AN SC 300, 301, 410, 420, 427 BEE 454

BTRY 382, 482/ CS 426, 626, 627 CSS 421

EAS 350, 479

ENTOM 212, 213, 215, 315, 322, 325, 331, 333, 344, 352, 369, 370, 394, 400, 443, 444, 452, 453, 455, 456, 463, 470, 471, 477, 483, 490, 631 NS 222, 315, 331, 332, 341, 347, 361, 421, 431, 441, 452, 455, 475, 602, 603, 614 NTRES 305, 310, 411, 412, 418, 419, 608, 670

PL BR 401, 402, 403, 606 PL PA 309, 319

Biology core courses

  1. Biochemistry: BIOBM 330, 333, or 331- 332; one year o f general chemistry and organic chemistry lecture (CHEM 257 or 357-358) are prerequisites
  2. Evolutionary biology: BIOEE 278 or BIOPL 448
  3. Genetics: BIOGD 281 Notes:
    • BIO G 499 Independent Research may not be used to fulfill any requirement for the minor. N o course substitutions are allowed. With the exception o f transfer and study abroad students, no biology courses taken at other institutions will count toward the minor.
    • External transfer students must complete the core biology courses at Cornell. Students w h o are fulfilling the minor

requirements under Option 2 must complete a minimum o f one program o f study course o f at least 3 credits at Cornell.

  • All courses for the minor must be taken for a letter grade unless a course is offered S-U only.
  • Applications for the minor are located in 2l6 Stimson Hall. See Bonnie Cornelia or Wendy Aquadro for academic advising and for certifying completion o f the minor.

Independent Research and Honors Program B iology majors are encouraged to consider participating in individual research under the direction o f a Cornell faculty member. Students interested in beginning research should contact faculty members w h o have compatible research interests. Information about faculty research interests and undergraduate research opportunities is available in the Office o f Undergraduate Biology, 216 Stimson Hall, and at www. biology.cornell.edu.

Faculty members may consider the student’s previous academic accomplishments, interests and career goals, and the availability o f space and equipment when agreeing to supervise a student in their laboratory. Students conducting research for the first time must enroll in BIO G 299, an S-U course designed to introduce students to research. After the first semester, students enroll in BIO G 499. Registration for both o f these classes is done in the O ffice o f Undergraduate Biology in 216 Stimson Hall. Students may work with faculty in any department on campus as long as the research topic is biological. Students may not earn credit for research done o ff campus, unless supervised by a Cornell faculty member. Up to 3 credits o f research may be used to com plete the program o f studies in general biology, genetics and development, systematic and biotic diversity, as well as 4 credits in neurobiology and behavior.

The honors program in biological sciences is designed to offer advanced training in life science research through the performance o f an original research project under the direct guidance o f a member o f the Cornell faculty. Biology majors planning on graduating with honors must apply to the Biology Honors Program in the spring o f their junior year. Applications and information are available in the Office o f Undergraduate Biology, 216 Stimson Hall, or at www.biology.cornell.edu/ research/honors.html. T o qualify for the program, students must have been accepted into the biological sciences major, have completed at least 30 credits at Cornell, and have a cumulative Cornell grade point average (G PA) o f at least 3.0. In addition, students must have at least a 3.0 cumulative Cornell GPA in all biology, chemistry, mathematics, and physics courses. (Grades earned in courses in other departments that are used to fulfill biology major requirements are included in this computation.) In addition, candidates must find a Cornell faculty member to supervise their research. An honors candidate usually enrolls for credit in BIO G 499 Undergraduate Research in Biology under the direction o f the faculty member acting as honors supervisor, although the honors program does not require enrollment for credit. Students accepted into the honors program are required to participate in honors research seminars during their senior year; submit an acceptable honors thesis;

G E N E R A L C O U R S E S 1 6 1

BIO C 109-110(1109-1110) Biological

Principles

109, fall; 110, spring. 3 credits each semester includes lecture and lab. Limited to 600 students. Nonmajors survey course, not appropriate for major in biological science or premed requirement. Both BIO G 109 and 110, taken in either order, are required to fulfill distribution requirement in CALS and Human Ecology. Either course fulfills Arts and Sciences distribution requirement. Students with transfer credit must consult with course instructors for appropriate course placement. Due to overlap in content, BIO G 109 may not be taken after BIO G 102 or 106, or equivalent, and BIO G 110 may not be taken after BIO G 101, 105, or equivalent. Note: This course may not satisfy prerequisite for upper-level courses in biology. Letter grades only. Prelims: fall (in class), Sept. 21 and Oct. 31; spring (evening), Feb. 21 and Apr. 3. H. Greene, R. Wayne, E. Balko, and staff. Offers a comprehensive know ledge o f biology as part o f a general education. Broad goals o f the course encompass an understanding o f the potential benefits and limitations o f science, the complexity and workings o f the natural world, and the internal machinery o f h ow our bodies and those o f other animals and plants work. Fall: biological diversity, genetics, evolution, ecology, behavior, and conservation biology; Spring: human physiology, plant development, genetic engineering, infectious diseases, and human health. Laboratory sessions (6 labs per semester) are used for problem-solving experiments, demonstrations, discussions, and dissections (preserved vertebrate, invertebrate, and plant materials); for those students w h o object to dissection, alternative materials are available for study without grade penalty. Testing on dissection labs involves identification o f important structures in real organisms.

BIO G 112(1120) Issues in Social

Biology: from Diet to Diseases, DNA

to Deforestation

Spring. 3 credits. S-U or letter grades. P. J. Davies. An analysis o f current issues o f biological relevance and the biological science behind these issues. Topics will include issues such as food and nutrition, antioxidants, organic produce, disease prevention, athletic enhancers, genetic testing, cancer, stem cells and animal cloning, genetically modified crops, bacteria and antibiotics, viruses, risk, statistics and epidemiology, photosynthesis and global warming, extinction and overpopulation, invasive species, resource over-utilization. The topics will vary according to current issues.

BIO G 125(1250) Biology Seminar

Fall and spring. 1 credit. Prerequisite: first- year standing or permission o f instructor. S-U grades only. Staff. A first-year seminar designed for students with Biology AP credit or a strong interest in research. Students will interact with faculty while learning to read and evaluate scientific publications on current biological topics. Multiple topics and sections will be offered each semester.

BIO G 170(1700) Evolution of the Earth

and Life (also EAS 102(1102])

Spring. 3 credits. S-U or letter grades. J. L. Cisne. For description, see EAS 170.

BIO G 200(2000) Special Studies in

Biology

Fall, spring, or summer. 1-3 credits. Prerequisite: written permission from O ffice o f Undergraduate Biology. Students must register in 216 Stimson Hall. S-U or letter grades by permission o f instructor. Staff. Registration device for students w h o want to take only a portion o f a regular biological sciences course— for example, only the lectures or only the laboratory in a course that includes both. Only students w h o have already had training equivalent to the portion o f the regular course that is to be omitted may register in this manner. This course may not be substituted for 100-level courses and may not be used to fulfil college distribution requirements except by permission from the O ffice o f Undergraduate Biology.

BIO G 299(2990) Introduction to

Research Methods in Biology

Fall, spring, or summer. Variable credit; max. 3 suggested. S-U grades only. Recommended for freshmen and sophomores. Students must register for credit in Office o f Undergraduate Biology, 216 Stimson Hall. Applications available in OUB and at www.bio.com ell.edu. Add deadline is three days before university deadline. Any Cornell faculty member whose research field is biological in nature may serve as a supervisor for this course. Non-Cornell supervisors not acceptable. Intended for students w h o are new to undergraduate research. Students enrolled in BIO G 299 may be reading scientific literature, learning research techniques, or assisting with ongoing research. The faculty supervisor determines the work goals and the form o f the final report.

BIO G 305(3050) Basic Immunology

Lectures (also VETMI 315(3150])

Fall. 3 credits. Highly recommended: basic courses in microbiology, biochemistry, and genetics. S-U or letter grades. Lee. J. A. Marsh. For description, see VETMI 315.

BIO G 400(4000) Undergraduate Seminar

in Biology

Fall or spring. Variable credit; 1-3 assigned for individual seminar offerings; may be repeated for credit. S-U or letter grades. Staff. Specialized seminars on topics o f interest to undergraduates presented by biology faculty including visiting faculty.

[BIO G 401(4010) Introduction to

Scanning Electron Microscopy]

[BIO G 403(4030) Transmission Electron

Microscopy for Biologists

Fall. 1, 3, or 4 credits (4 credits if student takes both sections). Limited to 8 students; minimum o f 4. Prerequisites: BIOAP 313, BIOPL 345 or 443. S-U or letter grades. T w o sec: 01, 1 credit, weeks 1-4; 02, 3 credits, weeks 5-12. Students may register for on e or both sec. Fee may be charged. Lee, lab. Next offered 2008-2009. Staff. Section 01 covers the principles and use o f the transmission electron microscope (TEM), with emphasis on proper operation o f the instrument and interpretation o f images obtained. Negatively stained materials are used for view ing with the transmission electron microscope. Section 02 covers the principles and techniques o f preparing biological material for transmission electron microscopy.

Using animal, plant, and microbe materials, this section studies chemical fixtures, cryofixations, ultrathin sectioning, immunogold localization, quantitative microscopy, and metal shadowing techniques. Students have tw o additional weeks to complete laboratory assignments at the end o f each section.]

BIO G 404(4040) Planning for Graduate

Study in Biology

Fall. 1 credit. S-U grades only. L. E. Southard. For students w h o plan to pursue a graduate degree leading to a research career. Selected topics include information on academic and industrial research careers, selecting appropriate graduate programs, and options for funding. Features faculty, graduate student, and outside speakers. Students write and receive feedback on personal statements.

BIO G 408(4080) Presentation Skills for

Biologists

Spring. 1 credit. S-U grades only. Prerequisite: research experience. Priority given to students accepted into Biology Honors Program. L. Southard and G. Hess. Covers oral and written communication skills used in presenting research to other scientists. Topics include organization and writing o f scientific papers, presentation tips for research seminars, and preparation o f visual aids using Microsoft Pow er Point. All students present a 10-minute seminar on their research and evaluate other presentations.

BIO G 410(4100) Teaching High School

Biology

Fall. 3 credits. Prerequisite: one year introductory biology; permission o f instructor. S-U or letter grades. Offered alternate years. L. Southard. Gives students the opportunity to experience teaching high school science. Students select an important biological concept, then develop inquiry-based teaching plans appropriate for high school students. The first part o f the course consists o f lectures, discussion, and laboratory experiments, which familiarize the students with the scientific content. Students then w ork in teams with high school teachers to develop their curriculum. The final part o f the course includes practice presentations and teaching at regional high schools.

BIO G 431(4310) Frontiers in Biophysics

Fall, full day of lec, S, Sept. 15, 9 A.M.-4 p.

M. , Racker Room, Biotechnology Bldg. 0. credit. S-U grades only. G. Feigenson and staff. O verview o f current research in biophysics at Cornell by faculty from different departments across the university. Designed for undergraduates considering a career in biophysics and for graduate students interested in biophysics research opportunities at Cornell.

BIO G 450(4500) Light and Video

Microscopy for Biologists

Fall. 3 credits. Limited to 12 students. Prerequisites: one year introductory b iology and permission o f instructor. Lec, lab. R. O. Wayne. Students leam the relationship between reality and the image using philosophy, mathematics, and physical theory. Next they apply these tools theoretically and in practice to understand and become experts at image formation and analysis using brightfield, darkfield, phase- contract, fluorescence, polarization, interference, differential interference and modulation contrast microscopes. They build

162 B I O L O G I C A L^ S C I E N C E S^ -^2

upon our knowledge and experience to understand how analog image processors and digital image processors can influence, enhance and analyze the images gathered by the microscope. Last they learn about many other kinds o f microscopes, including confocal, near field, x-ray, acoustic, nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, centrifuge, atomic force, and scanning tunneling microscopes.

BIO G 498(4980) Teaching Experience

Fall or spring. 1-4 credits. Limited ■ H H enrollment. Prerequisites: previous enrollment in course to be taught or equivalent. Note: Arts students may not count this course toward graduation but may, upon petition (on e time only) to their class dean, carry few er than 12 other credits and remain in go o d standing. This would affect Dean’s List eligibility but not eligibility for graduating with distinction. S-U or letter grades by permission o f instructor. Staff. Designed to give qualified undergraduate students teaching experience through actual involvement in planning and assisting in biology courses. This experience may include supervised participation in a discussion group, assisting in a b iology laboratory, assisting in field biology, or tutoring.

BIO G 499(4990) Independent

Undergraduate Research in Biology

Fall, spring, or summer. Variable credit. S-U or letter grades. Note: Arts students may not register for more than 6 credits per semester with one supervisor or 8 credits per semester with more than one supervisor. Students in CALS may use up to 15 credits o f independent study (B IO G 499, 498) toward graduation. Up to 3 credits o f research may be used to complete programs o f study in General Biology, Genetics and Development, and Systematics and Biotic Diversity, and 4 credits o f research in Neurobiology and Behavior. Prerequisite: one semester o f BIO G 299 or equivalent or permission o f instructor and Office o f Undergraduate Biology. For students with previous undergraduate experience conducting biological research at Cornell. Students enrolled for this credit should be doing independent work on their own project. Registration forms are available in OUB and on the w eb at ww w.bio.cornell. edu. Add deadline is three days before university deadline. Each student must submit proposed research project description during course registration. Any Cornell faculty member whose research field is biological in nature may serve as supervisor for this course. Non-Cornell supervisors not acceptable.

BIO G 600(6000) Graduate Seminar in

Biology

Fall or spring. Variable credit (1 -3 credits assigned for individual seminar offerings). May be repeated for credit. S-U or letter grades. Staff. Specialized seminars on topics o f interest to graduate students presented by biology faculty including visiting faculty.

BIO G 663(6630) Nanobiotechnology

(also A&EP 663(6630])

Fall. 3 credits. Letter grades only. H. Hoch. For description, see A&EP 663.

BIO G 705(7050) Advanced Immunology

Lectures (also VETMI 705(7050])

Spring. 3 credits. Prerequisite: basic immunology course or permission o f instructor. Offered alternate even years. Lee. Coordinator: J. A. Marsh. For description, see VETMI 705.

[BIO G 706(7060) Immunology of

Infectious Diseases (also VETMI

719(7190])

Spring. 2 credits. Prerequisite: basic immunology course or permission o f instructor. S-U or letter grades. Offered odd alternate years; next offered 2008-2009. Coordinator: E. Denkers. For description, see VETMI 719-

ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY (BIOAP)

[BIOAP 214(2140) Biological Basis of

Sex Differences (also B&SOC

214(2141), FGSS 214(2140])

Fall. 3 credits. Prerequisite: one year introductory biology. S-U or letter grades. Offered alternate years; next offered 2008-

  1. J. E. Fortune. Examines the structural and functional differences between the sexes. Emphasizes mechanisms o f mammalian reproduction. Current evidence on the effects o f gender on nonreproductive aspects o f life is discussed. Provides students with a basic know ledge o f reproductive endocrinology and with a basis for objective evaluation o f sex differences in relation to contemporary life.]

BIOAP 311(3110) Introductory Animal

Physiology, Lectures (also VTBMS

346(3460])

Fall. 3 credits. Prerequisites: one year college biology, chemistry, and mathematics. Recommended: previous or concurrent physics course. S-U or letter grades by permission o f instructor. Evening prelims. E. R. Loew. General course in animal physiology emphasizing principles o f operation, regulation, and integration com mon to a broad range o f living systems from the cellular to the organismal level. Structure/function relationships are stressed along with underlying physico-chemical mechanisms.

BIOAP 312(3120) Farm Animal Behavior

(also AN SC 305(3050])

Spring. 2 credits. Prerequisites: one year introductory biology, and introductory animal physiology (A N SC 100 and 150 or equivalent is sufficient or BIOAP 311). Recommended: at least one animal production course or equivalent experience. S-U or letter grades. P. Perry and K. A. Houpt. For description, see AN SC 305.

BIOAP 316(3160) Cellular Physiology

Spring. 3 credits. Pre- or corequisite: BIOBM 330 or 331 and 332 or 333. Evening prelims. A. Quaroni. Comprehensive course covering the general characteristics o f eukaryotic cells; the structure, composition, and function o f subcellular organelles; and the major signal transduction pathways regulating a variety o f physiological cell activities. Am ong the main subjects covered are absorption and transport processes, mechanism o f action o f signaling molecules (hormones), the cell cycle and regulation o f cell proliferation, cell-cell communication, extracellular matrix, and carcinogenesis.

BIOAP 319(3190) Animal Physiology

Experimentation

Fall. 4 credits. Limited to 40 students per lab sec. Pre- or corequisite: BIOAP 311 or permission o f instructor. For pre-med, pre- vet juniors and seniors and graduate students interested in biomedical science. E. R. Loew, N. A. Lorr, and staff. Student-conducted in vitro and in vivo experiments designed to illustrate basic physiological processes, physiological research techniques, instrumentation, experimental design, and interpretation o f results. Techniques include anesthesia, surgical procedures, dissection, and real-time computer recording and analysis. Experiments with isolated living tissues or live anesthetized animals examine properties o f membranes and epithelia, blood, nerves, skeletal and smooth muscle; cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, and reproductive function and their regulation by the nervous and endocrine systems.

BIOAP 413(4130) Histology: The Biology

of the Tissues

Spring. 4 credits. Prerequisite: one year introductory biology. Recommended: BIOBM 330 or 331, or equivalents. S-U or letter grades. S. Suarez and L. Mizer. Provides students with a basis for understanding the microscopic, fine-structural, and functional organization o f vertebrates (primarily mammals), as w ell as methods o f analytic m orphology at the cell and tissue levels. Emphasizes dynamic interrelations o f structure, composition, and function in cells and tissues.

BIOAP 416(4160) Cell Physiology and

Genomics Laboratory

Spring. 4 credits. Limited to 24 students. For pre-med, pre-vet, juniors, seniors, and graduate students interested in biomedical science. Pre- or corequisite: BIOAP 316 or BIOBM 432 or permission o f instructor. N. A. Lorr, H.-H. Chuang, and staff. A laboratory course introducing modern methods and instrumentation in cell physiology and genomics. Students learn: (1 ) cell culture and imaging by fluorescent microscopy; (2 ) isolation and manipulation o f RNA and DNA, in vitro transcription; (3 ) transformation, transfection, and microinjection; (4 ) protein electrophoresis, western blotting, and immunocytochemistry; (5 ) electrophysiology using Xenopus oocyte expression system and Ussing chambers; and (6 ) analysis o f gene expression using RT-PCR, real time PCR, and microarray analysis. Students w ill conclude the course with an experiment o f their ow n design.

BIOAP 425(4250) Gamete Physiology and

Fertilization (also AN SC 425(4250])

Fall. 2 credits. Prerequisite: A N SC 300 or equivalent. Offered alternate years. Lee. J. E. Parks. For description, see A N SC 425.

BIOAP 427(4270) Fundamentals of

Endocrinology (also AN SC

427(4270])

Fall. 3 credits. Prerequisite: animal or human physiology course or permission o f instructor. Lee. P. A. Johnson. For description, see AN SC 427.

164 B I O L O G I C A L^ S C I E N C E S^ -^2

BIOBM 334(3340) Computer Graphics

and Molecular Biology

Fall or spring. 1 credit. Prerequisite: BIOBM 333 or 331-332 (BIOBM 332 may be taken concurrently) o r Corequisite: BIOBM 330. J. E. Blankenship, P. C. Hinkle, and staff. Visualization o f com plex biomolecules using Silicon Graphics computers. Group presentations on current topics in molecular biology.

BIOBM 432(4320) Survey of Cell Biology

Spring. 3 credits. Prerequisite: BIOBM 330, 333, or 331, and previous or concurrent registration in 332, or equivalent. Recommended: BIOGD 281. Lee. Evening prelims Mar. 4 and Apr. 17. V. M. Vogt. Survey o f a wide array o f topics focusing on the general properties o f eukaryotic cells. Topics include methods used for studying cells, the structure and function o f the major cellular organelles, and analyses o f cellular processes such as mitosis, endocytosis, cell motility, secretion, cell-to-cell communication, gene expression, and oncogenesis. Some o f the material is covered in greater depth in BIOBM 437, BIOGD 483, and BIOBM 632, 636, and

[BIOBM 434(4340) Applications of

Molecular Biology to Medicine,

Agriculture, and Industry

Fall. 3 credits. Prerequisites: BIOBM 330 or 333 or 331/332. Recommended: BIOBM

  1. S-U or letter grades. Lee. Next offered 2008-2009. S. Ely. Lecture topics emphasize transgenic animal and plant systems that constitute marketed or near-market applications such as production o f pharmaceuticals in milk, edible and nucleic acid vaccines, gene therapy, and high-tech agricultural products. Additional non- transgenic topics will include cancer treatments and relevant aspects o f the human genom e projects. An overview o f human immunology and its relationship to drug development will be provided. Students will also explore relevant scientific literature.]

BIOBM 435-436(4350-4360)

Undergraduate Biochemistry

Seminar

1 credit; may be repeated. Prerequisites: upperclass standing; BIOBM 330, 333, or 331-332, or written permission o f instructor. S-U grades only. D. Wilson. Selected papers from the literature on a given topic are evaluated critically during 12 one- hour meetings.

BIOBM 437(4370) Regulation of Cell

Proliferation, Senescence, and Death

(also BIOGD/TOX 437(4370])

Spring. Variable credit; students may take lec for 2 credits or lec and disc for 3 credits. Limited to about 20 students per disc; priority given to graduate students. Prerequisite: BIO G 101-102 or 105- and BIOBM 330 or 331/332. Recommended: BIOGD 281 and BIOBM

  1. S-U or letter grades. S. Lee. Covers a w ide spectrum o f issues related to cell proliferation in eukaryotes. Lectures include various aspects o f the regulation o f cell division cycle and signal transduction pathways, with additional topics on oncogenesis, cell aging, and cell death. The facts as well as concepts and logics behind findings are presented in the lectures. Research articles are analyzed and discussed in depth during discussion section.

BIOBM 438(4380) The RNA World

Spring. 3 credits. Prerequisites: BIOBM 330 or 331/332 or 333, or permission o f instructor. A. Ke. Part o f the excitement about “the RNA world” stems from the recognition that RNA is ancient and that the evolution o f life as w e know it depended upon RNA evolving both informational and catalytic capabilities. This course explores these ideas but more generally provides a comprehensive introduction to RNA biology. Many o f the most interesting topics in the RNA biology, such as the mechanism o f the RNA interference and its widespread applications, will be covered in detail. Other topics require consideration o f essential RNA- protein complexes such as ribosomes, spliceosomes, telomerase, and Signal recognition particles. Classical experiments as well as up-to-date research are covered in this course. A portion o f each class is devoted to discussion and questions.

BIOBM 439(4390) Molecular Basis of

Human Disease (also BIOGD

439(4390])

Fall. 3 credits. Prerequisites: biochemistry and molecular b iology (e.g., BIOBM 330, 331-332, or 333) and genetics (e.g., BIOGD 281) or permission o f instructor. Recommended: cell b iology (e.g., BIOBM 432 or BIOAP 316) and physiology (e.g., BIOAP 311 or 458). S-U or letter grades. Lec. W. L. Kraus. This course examines h ow changes in the normal expression, structure, and activity o f gene products caused by genetic mutations, epigenetic phenomena, and environmental agents lead to human diseases. The material focuses on h ow these changes lead to alterations in normal cellular processes, as w ell as the resulting physiological consequences. Topics are selected from hormone insensitivity syndromes, inborn errors o f metabolism, gene fusions resulting in hybrid proteins, gene amplification, gene inactivation, disruption o f signaling pathways, disruption o f metabolic pathways, and the molecular actions o f infectious agents and environmental toxins. Examples o f diseases are selected to emphasize various aspects o f genetics, molecular biology, cell biology, physiology, immunology, and endocrinology that have been presented in other courses. In addition, the methods used to identify the underlying biochemical and genetic basis o f the diseases, as w ell as possible pharmaceutical and genetic therapies for treating the diseases, are presented. A portion o f the lecture periods will be devoted to discussion and practice questions.

BIOBM 440(4400) Laboratory in

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Fall, spring, or summer (three-week session). 4 credits. Limited enrollment. Priority given to undergraduate biology majors in Biochemistry or Molecular and Cell Biology programs o f study and to graduate students with minor in field o f biochemistry. Prerequisites: BIOBM 330 or 333 or 331-332 (at least one o f 331- com pleted but one may be taken concurrently). S. Ely and H. Nivison. Experiments related to molecular biology (includes PCR, D N A cloning, hybridization analysis, restriction mapping, and D NA sequence analysis), protein purification and analysis (salt fractionation, ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, SDS-PAGE, and immunoblotting), and determination o f enzyme kinetic parameters.

[BIOBM 443(4430) Experimental

Molecular Neurobiology (also BIONB

430(4300])

Spring. 4 credits. Limited to 12 students. Letter grades only. Disc, lab. Offered alternate years; next offered 2008-2009. D. L. Deitcher. For description, see BIONB 430.]

[BIOBM 450(4500) Principles of Chemical

Biology (also CHEM 450(4500])

Fall. 3 credits. Prerequisites: CHEM 357- 358 or 359-360 or equivalent. Next offered 2008-2009. T. P. Begley. For description, see CHEM 450.]

[BIOBM 483(Sec 04)[4530] Molecular

Aspects of Plant Development I (also

BIOPL 483.4)

Fall. 1 credit. 12 lec TBA. Next offered 2008-2009_. )._ B. Nasrallah. For description, see BIOPL 483 4].

BIOBM 485(4850) Bacterial Genetics

(also BIOMI/BIOGD 485(4850])

Fall. 2 credits. Prerequisite: BIOGD 281. Recommended: BIOMI 290 and BIOBM 330 or 331 and 332 or 333. Lec. J. E. Peters. For description, see BIOMI 485.

BIOBM 631(6310) Protein Structure,

Dynamics, and Function

Fall. 3 credits. Prerequisites: BIOBM 330 or 333 or 331-332 and organic chemistry. Recommended: physical chemistry course. S-U or letter grades. Lec. L. Nicholson. Presentations on the basic principles o f protein structure, dynamics, and function. Specific topics include protein folding, stability, dynamics, evolution, folded conformations, structure prediction, molecular recognition, and basic enzyme kinetics.

BIOBM 633(6330) Biosynthesis of

Macromolecules

Fall. 2 credits. Prerequisite: BIOBM 330 or 333 or 331-332. Recommended: BIOGD

  1. Lec. J. W. Roberts and D. B. Wilson. Synthesis o f DNA, RNA, and proteins, and regulation o f gene expression.

BIOBM 636(6360) Functional

Organization of Eukaryotic Cells

Spring. 3 credits. Prerequisites: BIOBM 330 or 333 or 331-332, and 432, or equivalents. Lec. W. J. Brown. Aims to provide an integrated v iew o f eukaryotic cell organization as elucidated using biochemical molecular, genetic, and cell biological approaches. Major topics include the cytoskeleton, membrane traffic, and cell polarity. Together with BIOBM 437, 632, and 639 this course provides broad coverage o f the cell b iology subject area.

BIOBM 638(6380) Macromolecular

Interactions and Cell Function

Spring. 2 credits. Prerequisite: BIOBM 330 or 333 or 331-332. Recommended: BIOBM 631 or 633. S-U or letter grades. Lec. J. Fu. Lectures focusing on the principles o f protein- protein and protein-nucleic acid interactions that underlie cellular processes such as signal transduction, intracellular traffic, gene regulation, and cell development. The emphasis throughout is on the structural basis o f these processes as related to cell function. Some specific topics are signal amplification, nuclear import and export, transcription by RNA polymerases, RNA processing and export, and translation o f mRNAs.

E C O L O G Y AND E V O L U T I O N A R Y B I O L O G Y 165

[BIOBM 639(6390) The Nucleus

Spring. 2 credits. Prerequisite: BIOBM 330 or 333 or 331-332, or equivalent. Recommended: BIOGD 281. Lee. Next offered 2008-2009. J. T. Us. Lectures on topics o f eukaryotic genom e organization, chromatin structure, regulation o f gene expression, RNA processing, the structure and movement o f chromosomes, and nuclear export and import. Covers the structure and function o f the nucleus at the molecular and cell biological levels and,

together with BIOBM 437, 632 and 636 ,

provides broad coverage o f the cell biology subject area.)

BIOBM 641(6410) Laboratory in Plant

Molecular Biology (also BIOPL

641(6410])

Fall. 4 credits. Prerequisites: BIOGD 281 or equivalent, BIOBM 330 or 331 or equivalent, and permission o f instructor. S-U grades by permission o f instructor. Lab. M. R. Hanson and K. Van Wijk. For description, see BIOPL 641.

BIOBM 730(7300) Protein NMR

Spectroscopy (also VETMM

707(7070])

Spring. 2 credits. Prerequisites: CHEM 389 and 390, or 287 and 288, or permission o f instructor. S-U or letter grades. Offered alternate years. Lee. L. K. Nicholson and R. E. Oswald. Students acquire the tools necessary for understanding multidimensional NMR o f proteins. NMR fundamentals and schemes for magnetization transfer, water suppression, decoupling, and others are presented.

BIOBM 732-737(7320-7370) Current

Topics in Biochemistry

Fall or spring. 0.5 or 1 credit for each topic; may be repeated for credit. Prerequisite: BIOBM 330 or 333 or 331- or equivalent. S-U grades only. Lectures and seminars on specialized topics. Topics for fall and spring to be announced in the course and time roster published at the beginning o f each semester or the department mini-courses web site, www.mbg.cornell.edu/ cals/mbg/about/courses/mini-courses.cfm.

BIOBM 738(7380) Macromolecular

Crystallography (also CHEM

788(7880])

Fall. 3 credits. Prerequisite: permission o f instructor. Lee. S. E. Ealick. For description, see CHEM 788.

BIOBM 751(7510) Ethical Issues and

Professional Responsibilities

Spring. 1 credit. Prerequisite: graduate students beyond first year. S-U grades only. Organizational meeting first W o f semester. Sem. P. Hinkle. Ethical issues in research and the professional responsibilities o f scientists are discussed based on readings and occasional lectures. The topics are intended to cover the requirements for ethical training o f graduate students on training grants and follow the recommendations o f the Office o f Research Integrity.

BIOBM 830(8300) Biochemistry Seminar

Fall or spring. 0 credits. Prerequisite: graduate students in Biochemistry, Molecular, and Cell Biology. Lee open to everyone. V. Vogt. Lectures on current research in biochemistry, presented by distinguished visitors and staff members.

BIOBM 831(8310) Advanced Biochemical

Methods I

Fall. 6 credits. Requirement for, and limited to, first-year graduate students in field o f biochemistry, molecular, and cell biology. S-U grades only. Lab and disc. Organizational meeting first F o f semester 10:10. T. C. Huffaker. The first half o f this course comprises an intensive laboratory covering fundamental aspects o f m odem molecular b iology and cell biology. The second half comprises research in the laboratory o f a professor chosen by the student (see BIOBM 832). Students must enroll separately for each half.

BIOBM 832(8320) Advanced Biochemical

Methods II

Spring. 6 credits. Requirement for, and limited to, first-year graduate students in field o f biochemistry, molecular, and cell biology. S-U grades only. Lab. V. Vogt. Research in the laboratories o f tw o different professors chosen by the student. Arrangements are made jointly between the director o f graduate studies and the research advisor.

BIOBM 833(8330) Research Seminar in

Biochemistry

Fall or spring. 1 credit each semester; may be repeated for credit. Requirement for, and limited to, second-, third-, and fourth- year graduate students majoring in field o f biochemistry, molecular and cell biology. S-U grades only. W. L. Kraus and V. M. Vogt. Each student presents one seminar per year on his or her thesis research and then meets with instructors and thesis committee members for evaluation.

BIOBM 836(8360) Methods and Logic in

Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell

Biology, Part I

Spring. 1 credit. Prerequisite: first-year graduate students majoring in field o f biochemistry, molecular, and cell biology. S-U grades only. Sem and disc. G. P. Hess. Seminar with critical discussion by students o f original research papers selected by faculty members o f the field o f biochemistry, molecular and cell biology.

BIOBM 838(8380) Methods and Logic in

Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell

Biology, Part II

Spring. 2 credits. Prerequisite: second-year graduate students majoring in field o f biochemistry, molecular and cell biology or field o f genetics and development. S-U grades only. D. Shalloway. Interactive seminar to develop the general skills needed to support a career in scientific research: experimental design, writing scientific papers and grants, oral presentation, basic statistical and computational methods, and managing a research laboratory. Exercises focus on the preparation o f a mock research grant proposal.

Related Courses in Other Departments

Lipids (BIOAP 619, NS 602)

Molecular Techniques for Animal Biologists

(AN SC 650)

Teaching Experience (BIO G 498)

Undergraduate Research in Biology (BIO G

ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY

BIOLOGY (BIOEE)

BIOEE 154(1540) Introductory

Oceanography, Lectures (also EAS

154(1540])

Fall. 3 credits; optional 1-credit laboratory offered as BIOEE/EAS 155. S-U or letter grades. B. C. Monger. For description, see EAS 154.

BIOEE 155(1550) Introductory

Oceanography, Laboratory (also EAS

155(1550])

Fall. 1 credit. Corequisite: BIOEE/EAS 154. S-U or letter grades. B. C. Monger. For description, see EAS 155.

BIOEE 207(2070) Evolution (also HIST

287(2870], S&TS 287(2871])

Fall or summer (six-week session). 3 credits. Intended for students with no background in college biology. May not be taken for credit after BIOEE 278. Does not meet evolutionary biology requirement for biological sciences major. S-U or letter grades. W. B. Provine. Evolution is the central concept in biology. This course examines evolution in historical and cultural contexts. This course aims to understand the major issues in the history and current status o f evolutionary biology and explore the implications o f evolution for culture. Issues range from controversies over mechanisms o f evolution in natural populations to the conflict between creationists and evolutionists.

BIOEE 261(2610) Ecology and the

Environment

Fall or summer (three-week session). 4 credits. Prerequisite: one year introductory biology. S-U or letter grades. Fall: B. F. Chabot, A. A. Dhondt, and staff. Summer: one weekend field trip. A. T. Vawter. Fall: Explores interactions between the environment and organisms in the context o f individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems. Emphasizes basic ecological principles and processes intrinsic to understanding the world around us and in more advanced studies in the environmental sciences, including management-oriented disciplines. Major topics include adaptive strategies o f organisms, population dynamics, species interactions, community structure and ecosystem function, biodiversity, biogeochemistry, productivity, human influences on ecosystems, and sustainable practices. Summer: Introduction to principles o f ecology, concerning the interactions between organisms and their environment. Deals with both terrestrial and aquatic ecology, drawing examples from both plant and animal studies. Phenomena that occur at the individual, population, community, and ecosystem levels o f organization are examined through classroom lectures and discussion and through a series o f lab and field experiences in natural habitats around Ithaca and in the Adirondack Forest Preserve. Ecological principles are applied extensively to current environmental problems and issues.

BIOEE 263(2630) Field Ecology

Fall. 3 credits. Pre- or corequisite: BIOEE 26l. Letter grades only. One weekend field trip. A. Kessler.

E C O L O G Y AND E V O L U T I O N A R Y B I O L O G Y 167

excursions allow an excellent opportunity to study freshly collected and in situ representatives o f most o f the major phyla.

[BIOEE 405(4050) Biology of the

Neotropics

Spring. 2 credits. Limited to 18 students. Prerequisite: BIOEE 26l or permission o f instructor. S-U or letter grades. Next offered 2008-2009. A. S. Flecker.]

[BIOEE 446(4460) Plant B e h a vio r

Induced Plant Responses to Biotic

Stresses

Spring. 3 credits. Limited to 12 students. Prerequisite: BIOEE 261 or permission o f instructor. S-U or letter grades. Next offered 2008-2009. A. Kessler.]

[BIOEE 450(4500) Mammalogy, Lectures

Spring. 3 credits. Recommended: BIOEE

  1. Letter grades; S-U grades by permission only. Offered alternate years; next offered 2008-2009. B. A. McGuire.]

[BIOEE 451 (4510) Mammalogy,

Laboratory

Spring. 1 credit. Limited to 16 students. Pre- or corequisite: BIOEE 450. Letter grades; S-U grades by permission only. Fee: $15. Travel to Cornell University Museum o f Vertebrates (CU M V) at the Laboratory o f Ornithology is necessary. One all-day field trip may be scheduled. Offered alternate years; next offered 2008-

  1. B. A. McGuire.]

[BIOEE 453(4530) Speciation

Spring. 4 credits. Limited to 40 students. Prerequisites: BIOEE 278 and BIOGD 281 or equivalents, or permission o f instructor. S-U or letter grades. Offered alternate years; next offered 2008-2009. R. G. Harrison.]

[BIOEE 455(4550) Insect Ecology (also

ENTOM 455[4550])

Fall. 4 credits. Recommended: ENTOM 212 or BIOEE 261 or permission o f instructor. S-U or letter grades. Offered alternate years; next offered 2008-2009. J. S. Thaler.]

BIOEE 456(4560) Stream Ecology (also

NTRES 456(4560])

Fall. 4 credits. Limited to 40 students. Prerequisite: BIOEE 26l or permission o f instructor. S-U or letter grades. Field project with lab papers. One Sat. field trip. Offered alternate years. A. S. Flecker and C. E. Kraft. For description, see NTRES 456.

BIOEE 457(4570) Limnology: Ecology of

Lakes, Lectures

Spring. 3 credits. Prerequisite: BIOEE 261 or written permission o f instructor. Recommended: introductory chemistry. Letter grades; S-U grades by permission only. Offered alternate years. N. G. Hairston, Jr. Limnology is the study o f fresh waters and other inland, nonmarine environments. This course focuses on lakes and ponds, which are discussed as distinct aquatic environments with clear terrestrial boundaries, and within which ecological interactions are especially evident. In lakes, interactions between organisms are often strong and adaptations easily recognized. Physical and chemical properties o f the environment impact organisms in important ways and organisms, likewise, influence physics and chemistry. As a result, lakes provide excellent systems for understanding the links between physical

(thermal and mixing), chemical (dissolved elements and compounds), and organismal dynamics. Lakes are exciting environments for study in their ow n right and for gaining perspective on ecological and evolutionary processes in general.

BIOEE 458(4580) Community Ecology

Spring. 4 credits. Prerequisites: BIOEE 261, 278, or permission o f instructor. S-U or letter grades. O ffered alternate years. M. A. Geber and A. Agrawal. Intersection between ecology and evolution o f species interactions. Covers historical and current view s on community structure and diversity. Topics include impacts o f species interactions on ecology and evolution o f community players, multispecies webs and natural selection in com plex communities. Approach is empirical and methodological.

BIOEE 459(4590) Limnology: Ecology of

Lakes, Laboratory

Spring. 2 credits. Pre- or corequisite: BIOEE 457. Letter grades; S-U grades by permission only. One weekend field trip. Fee for food on field trip: $15. Offered alternate years. N. G. Hairston, Jr. and staff. Laboratories and field trips devoted to studies o f the biological, chemical, and physical properties o f lakes and other freshwater environments. Exercises focus on understanding the freshwater environment, on experimentation, and on understanding ecological processes within lakes. Optional vertebrate dissection (fish) during one laboratory exercise and during a portion o f the weekend field trip.

[BIOEE 460(4600) Theoretical Ecology

Spring. 4 credits. Limited enrollment. Prerequisites: completion o f Biological Sciences mathematics requirement or equivalent, and either one additional semester o f mathematics, statistics, or modeling (e.g., BEE 260/453/475, NTRES 310/411, BIONB 422) or permission o f instructor. S-U or letter grades. Offered alternate years; next offered 2008-2009- S. P. Ellner.]

[BIOEE 462(4620) Marine Ecology (also

EAS 462(4620])

Fall. 3 credits. Limited to 75 students. Prerequisite: BIOEE 26l. Letter grades; S-U grades by permission only. Offered alternate years; next offered 2008-2009. C. D. Harvell and C. H. Greene.]

BIOEE 464(4640) Macroevolution

Spring. 4 credits. Limited to 35 students. Prerequisite: BIOEE 278 or permission o f instructor. Interested graduate students strongly encouraged to preregister. Letter grades; S-U grades by permission only. Offered alternate years. A. R. McCune. Advanced course in evolutionary biology centered on large-scale features o f evolution. Areas o f emphasis include phylogeny reconstruction, patterns and processes o f speciation, the origin o f evolutionary novelty, causes o f major evolutionary transitions, and patterns o f diversification and extinction in the fossil record. Discussion o f these problems involves data and approaches from genetics, morphology, systematics, paleobiology, development, and ecology.

[BIOEE 466(4660) Physiological Plant

Ecology, Lectures

Spring. 3 credits. Limited to 30 students. Prerequisite: BIOEE 26l or introductory plant physiology. Letter grades; S-U grades by permission only. Offered alternate years; next offered 2008-2009. J. P. Sparks.]

BIOEE 467(4670) Seminar in the History

of Biology (also HIST 415[4150],

B&SOC/S&TS 447[4471])

Fall or summer (six-week session). 4 credits. Limited to 18 students. S-U or letter grades. W. B. Provine and G. Gorman. Specific topics change each year. Topic for fall 2007: Evolution and religion. H o w can evolutionists prepare for teaching biological evolution in a nation where the great majority o f p eople either disbelieve in evolution or believe that purposive causes direct evolution?

[BIOEE 468(4680) Physiological Plant

Ecology, Laboratory

Spring. 2 credits. Limited to 15 students. Pre- or corequisite: BIOEE 466. Letter grades only. O ffered alternate years; next offered 2008-2009. J. P. Sparks.]

[BIOEE 469(4690) Food, Agriculture, and

Society (also B&SOC/S&TS

469[4691])

Spring. 3 credits. Limited to 20 students. Prerequisite: introductory ecology course or permission o f instructor. S-U or letter grades. Next offered 2008-2009. A. G. Power.]

[BIOEE 470(4700) Herpetology, Lectures

Spring. 2 credits. Limited to 50 students. Recommended: BIOEE 274 and concurrent enrollment in BIOEE 472. Letter grades; S-U grades by permission only. Offered alternate years; next offered 2008-2009. H. W. Greene.]

[BIOEE 472(4720) Herpetology,

Laboratory

Spring. 2 credits. Limited to 35 students. Pre- or corequisite: BIOEE 470. Letter grades; S-U grades by permission only. Fee: $30. Occasional field trips and special projects. Offered alternate years; next offered 2008-2009. H. W. Greene.]

[BIOEE 473(4730) Ecology of Agricultural

Systems (also HORT 473(4730])

Fall. 3 credits. Limited to 45 students. Prerequisite: BIOEE 26l or permission o f instructor. S-U or letter grades. During first six weeks o f class, Thurs. meetings may run later because o f field trips. Next offered 2008-2009- L. E. Drinkwater and A. G. Power.]

BIOEE 475(4750) Ornithology

Spring. 4 credits. Limited to 35 students. Prerequisite: permission o f instructor by preregistering in E141 Corson Hall. Recommended: BIOEE 274. Letter grades; S-U grades by permission only. Carpooling to Lab o f Ornithology necessary. Fee: $15. Occasional field trips and special projects. Offered alternate years. D. W. Winkler. Lectures cover various aspects o f the biology o f birds, including anatomy, physiology, systematics, evolution, behavior, ecology, and biogeography. Laboratory includes dissection o f dead material, studies o f skeletons and plumages, and specimen identification o f avian families o f the world and species o f N e w York.

1 68 B I O L O G I C A L^ S C I E N C E S^ -^ 2 0 0 7 - 2 0 0 8

[BIOEE 476(4760) Biology of Fishes

Fall. 4 credits. Limited to 24 students. Recommended: BIOEE 274 or equivalent experience in vertebrate zoology. Letter grades; S-U grades by permission only. Small lab fee may be required. T w o field trips. O ffered alternate years; next offered 2008-2009. A. R. McCune.]

BIOEE 477(4770) Marine Invertebrates

Seminar

Fall. 1 credit. Prerequisite: BIOEE 373 or permission o f instructor. S-U grades only. O ffered alternate years. C. D. Harvell and J. G. Morin. Discussions and directed readings center on current research themes in invertebrate biology. Designed as an on-campus companion course to the field-based BIOEE 373 Biology o f the Marine Invertebrates. Students write individual research essays based on projects done in the field.

[BIOEE 478(4780) Ecosystem Biology

Spring. 4 credits. Prerequisite: BIOEE 26l or equivalent. S-U or letter grades. Offered alternate years; next offered 2008-2009. C. L. Goodale and R. W. Howarth.]

BIOEE 479(4790) Paleobiology (also EAS

479(4790])

Spring. 4 credits. Prerequisites: one year introductory b iology for majors and either BIOEE 274, 373, or permission o f instructor. S-U or letter grades. Offered alternate years. W. D. Allmon. For description, see EAS 479.

BIOEE 480(4800) Ecological Genetics

(also ENTOM 470(4700])

Spring. 3 credits. Prerequisite: BIOEE 278 or permission o f instructor. S-U or letter grades. B. P. Lazzaro. For description, see ENTOM 470.

BIOEE 490(4900) Topics in Marine

Biology

Spring. 2 credits; may be repeated for credit. Limited to 15 students. Prerequisite: permission o f instructor. Primarily for undergraduates. S-U or letter grades. Offered alternate years. J. G. Morin and M. J. Shulman. Seminar courses on selected topics in marine biology; may include laboratory or field trips. Topics and time o f organizational meeting are shown in departmental course offerings listed on the w eb site.

BIOEE 660(6600) Field Studies in

Ecology and Evolutionary Biology

Fall or spring. Variable credit. Prerequisites: BIOEE 261, taxon-oriented course, and permission o f instructor. Letter grades; S-U grades by permission only. Lee and field trips TBA. Estimated costs: TBA. Staff. Provides students with opportunities to learn field techniques and new biota by participating in an intensive series o f field exercises. Extended field trips may be scheduled during fall break, intersession, or spring break. The regions visited, trip objectives, and other details are announced by the various instructors at an organizational meeting held at the beginning o f the semester. Meetings on campus are devoted to orientation and reports on com pleted projects.

[Sec 01 Tropical Field Ecology Spring. 2 credits. Prerequisite: for undergraduates, experience or course work with terrestrial, marine, or freshwater organisms. Extended field trip over winter break. letter grades only. Fee to cover transportation and housing: TBA. O ffered alternate years; next offered 2008-2009. C. D. Harvell, J. P. Sparks, and N. G. Hairston, Jr.]

Sec 02 Graduate Field Course in Ecology Spring. 3 credits. Prerequisite: graduate standing. Letter grades only. Fee charged to help cover food and lodging for trip to Florida. Offered alternate years. J. P. Sparks. Designed to give graduate students experience in defining questions and designing field investigations. The course is based at the Archbold Biological Station in central Florida over spring break and during the follow ing week. The class visits several ecosystems including sand pine scrub, cattle ranches, cypress swamps, and the everglades.

BIOEE 661(6610) Environmental Policy

(also ALS 661(6610], B&SOC

461(4611])

Fall and spring. 3 credits each semester; students must register for 6 credits each semester since R grade given at end o f fall semester. Limited to 12 students. Prerequisite: permission o f instructor. Letter grades only. D. Pimentel. Focuses on com plex environmental issues. Ten to 12 students, representing several disciplines, investigate significant environmental problems. The research team spends tw o semesters preparing a scientific report for publication in Science or BioScience. Thus far, every study has been published.

BIOEE 668(6680) Principles of

Biogeochemistry

Spring. 4 credits. Limited to 20 students. Prerequisite: solid background in ecology, environmental chemistry, o r related environmental science; for undergraduates, permission o f instructor. S-U or letter grades. Offered alternate years. R. W. Howarth and C. L. Goodale. Lectures cover the biotic controls on the chemistry o f the environment and the chemical control o f ecosystem function. Emphasis is on cycles o f major elements and minor elements globally and in selected ecosystems, stressing the coupling o f element cycles. A comparative approach is used to illustrate similarities and differences in element cycling am ong ecosystems. Analysis o f both theoretical and applied issues, including global atmospheric changes and factors controlling the acidification o f lakes and soils.

[BIOEE 671(6710) Palaeoanthropology of

South Asia (also ANTHR 671(6371],

ASIAN 671(6671])

Fall. 3 credits. Limited to 15 students. Letter grades only. Next offered 2008-2009. K. A. R. Kennedy.]

[BIOEE 673(6730) Human Evolution:

Concepts, History, and Theory (also

ANTHR 673(6373])

Spring. 3 credits. Prerequisite: one year introductory b iology o r AN TH R 101 or permission o f instructor. Letter grades only. Next offered 2008-2009. K. A. R. Kennedy.]

(BIOEE 675(6750) Current Topics in Plant

Molecular Ecology

Fall. 1 credit; may b e repeated for credit. Limited to 20 students. Prerequisite: graduate standing or permission o f instructor. S-U or letter grades. Offered alternate years; next offered 2008-2009. A. Kessler.]

BIOEE 750-760(7590-7600) Special

Topics in Evolution and Ecology

Fall or spring. 1-3 credits; may be repeated for credit. Limited enrollment. Letter grades; S-U grades by permission only. Staff. Independent or group-intensive study o f special topics o f current interest. Content varies each semester.

BIOEE 761(7610) Microsatellite DNA:

Techniques

Fall. 1 credit; may be repeated for credit. Limited to 12 students. Prerequisite; permission o f instructor. Primarily for graduate students; undergraduates admitted only under exceptional circumstances. E-mail S. M. Bogdanowicz (smb31) by end o f Aug. if interested. S-U grades only. Fee: TBA. R. G. Harrison and S. M. Bogdanowicz. Construct and screen genom ic D NA libraries for microsatellite loci. Lectures and group discussions regarding microsatellite isolation, characterization, and evolution. Informal presentations o f student research projects.

BIOEE 764(7640) Plant-Insect

Interactions Seminar

Fall or spring. 1 credit; may be repeated for credit. Prerequisite: for undergraduates, permission o f instructor. S-U grades only. A. Agrawal, J. S. Thaler, and A. Kessler. Group-intensive study o f current research in plant-insect interactions. Topics vary from semester to semester, but include: chemical defense, coevolution, insect community structure, population regulation, biocontrol, tritrophic interactions, and mutualism.

BIOEE 767(7670) Currant Topics in

Ecology and Evolutionary Biology

Fall. 4 credits. Prerequisite: for undergraduates, permission o f instructor. S-U grades only. P. P. Feeny. Critical evaluation and discussion o f theory and research in ecology and evolutionary biology. Lectures by faculty and student-led discussions o f topics in areas o f current importance.

BIOEE 770-775(7700-7705) Workshop in

Biogeochemistry

Fall or spring. 1-3 credits; may be repeated for credit. Limited to 15 students. Prerequisite: BIOEE 668. S-U grades only. Staff. Workshop-forum in which graduate students interact with invited world leaders in biogeochemistry. Workshop topics change each semester. A one-w eek workshop is preceded by seven one-hour preparatory discussions o f readings.

BIOEE 780(7800) Graduate Seminar in

Ornithology (also NTRES 780(7800])

Fall or spring. 1 credit; may be repeated for credit. Prerequisite: for undergraduates, permission o f instructor. S-U grades only. I. J. Lovette, A. A. Dhondt, D. W. Winkler, and J. L. Dickinson. Group intensive study o f current research in ornithology. Topics vary from semester to semester.

170 B I O L O G I C A L^ S C I E N C E S^ -^2 TBBTTi^8

BIOCD 437(4370) Regulation of Cell

Proliferation, Senescence, and Death

(also BIOBM/TOX 437(4370])

Spring. Variable credit; students may take lec for 2 credits or lec and disc for 3 credits. Limited to about 20 students per disc; priority given to graduate students. Prerequisites: BIO G 101-102 and BIOBM 330 or 331/332. Recommended: BIOGD 281 and BIOBM 432. S-U or letter grades. S. Lee. For description, see BIOBM 437.

BIOGD 439(4390) Molecular Basis of

Human Disease (also BIOBM

439(4390])

Fall. 3 credits. Prerequisites: biochemistry and molecular biology (e.g., BIOBM 330, 331/332, or 333) and genetics (e.g., BIOGD

  1. or permission o f instructor. Recommended: cell b iology (e.g., BIOBM 432 or BIOAP 316) and physiology (e.g., BIOAP 311 or 458). S-U or letter grades. Lec. W. L. Kraus. For description, see BIOBM 439.

BIOGD 400(4000) A Genomics Approach

to Studying Life

Fall. 3 credits. Prerequisites: one year introductory biology plus BIOGD 281 or 330 or 333 or 331/332 or permission o f instructor. S-U or letter grades. Lec. J. Schimenti. Introduction to principles underlying the organization o f genomes and the methods o f studying them, emphasizing genom e-wide approaches to research. Covers the application o f genomics methodologies for addressing issues including evolution, cloning, stem cells, com plex systems, genetics and gene: phenotype relationships. Includes periodic, in- depth discussions o f landmark or timely genomics papers.

BIOGD 440(4400) Stem Cell Biology:

Basic Science and Clinical

Applications

Spring. 3 credits. Limited to 30 students. Prerequisites: BIOBM 432 or BIOGD 385 or permission o f instructor. S-U grades by permission o f instructor. Lec, disc. T. Tumbar. This course will cover basic aspects o f tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis with emphasis on the biological role o f embryonic and adult stem cells in development, and their possible clinical applications. The focus will be placed on mouse and human stem cells. The discussion will be structured around relevant research papers that allow more in- depth analysis o f the material taught during lectures.

BIOGD 450(4500) Vertebrate

Development

Fall. 3 credits. Prerequisites: BIOGD 281, and either BIOBM 432 or BIOGD 385. S-U or letter grades. M. J. Garcia-Garcia. This course explores the developmental mechanisms em ployed by vertebrate organisms. Topics include the detailed analysis o f the genetic, molecular, and cellular events underlying development in frogs, fish, mice, and humans. Course readings include original research articles. Students are encouraged to participate in class discussions.

BIOGD 452 Molecular Biology of Plant

Organelles (also BIOPL 482, Sec 5)

Spring. 1 credit. Prerequisites: BIOPL 483 Sec 1 or BIOGD 281 and permission o f instructor. S-U or letter grades. M. R. Hanson and D. B. Stem. For description, see BIOPL 482, Sec 5.

[BIOGD 461(4610) Development and

Evolution

Spring. 3 credits. Prerequisites: BIOEE 278, BIOGD 281, BIOBM 332 or 330 or 333. Recommended: BIOGD 385. Lec. O ffered alternate years; next offered 2008-2009. M. Wolfner. This course explores the molecular and genetic pathways and mechanisms that regulate animal development, and h ow they are m odified through evolution to result in the dazzling array o f forms and functions seen in the animal kingdom.]

[BIOGD 481(4810) Population Genetics

Fall. 4 credits. Prerequisite: BIOGD 281, BIOEE 278, or equivalents. Lec, disc. Next offered 2008-2009. C. F. Aquadro. Population genetics is the study o f the transmission o f genetic variation through time and space. This course explores h ow to quantify this variation, what the distribution o f variation tells us about the structure o f natural populations, and about the processes that lead to evolution. Topics include the diversity and measurement o f genetic variation, mating and reproductive systems, selection and fitness, genetic drift, migration and population structure, mutation, multilocus models, the genetics o f speciation, quantitative traits, and the maintenance o f molecular variation. Emphasis is placed on DNA sequence variation and the interplay between theory and the data from experiments and natural populations. Specific case studies include the population genetic issues involved in D N A fingerprinting, the genetic structure and evolution o f natural and domesticated populations, and the study o f adaptation at the molecular level. Examples are drawn from studies o f animals, plants, and microbes.]

BIOGD 482(4820) Human Genetics and

Society

Fall. 4 credits. Limited to 24 students. Prerequisite: biological sciences majors; priority given to seniors studying genetics and molecular and cell b iology and biochemistry; BIOGD 281 and BIOBM 330 or 333 or 331 and 332. R. A. Calvo. Presentation o f some o f the science and technology o f human genetics, plus discussion o f the ethical, social, and legal implications o f recent advances in the field. Topics include assisted reproductive strategies, eugenics, genetic counseling, genetic screening (pre-implantation, prenatal, neonatal, pre-symptomatic, carrier, and workplace), wrongful life and wrongful birth, genetic effects o f abused substances, genetics and behavior, human cloning, forensic uses o f genetics, and therapy for genetic diseases. Students lead some discussions. There is a major writing component to the course.

BIOGD 484(4840) Molecular Evolution

Spring. 3 credits. Prerequisites: BIOGD

  1. Lec. D. Barbash. Explores the various processes by which DNA and protein sequences evolve over time, and h ow this evolution at the molecular level relates to changes in the morphology, behavior, and physiology o f organisms that have occurred over time scales ranging from thousands to billions o f years. After

developing basic principles the course discusses the evolution and organization o f genom es from microbes to higher eukaryotes including humans, and the relationship between molecular evolution at the sequence level and the evolution o f developmental pathways and systems.

BIOGD 485(4850) Bacterial Genetics

(also BIOMI/BIOBM 485(4850])

Fall. 2 credits. Prerequisite: BIOGD 281. Recommended: BIOMI 290 and BIOBM 330 or 331 and 332 or 333. Lec. J. E. Peters. For description, see BIOM I 485.

BIOGD 486(4860) Advanced Eukaryotic

Genetics

Spring. 4 credits. Enrollment may be limited to 50 students. Prerequisites: B IO G D 281, BIOBM 330 or 333 or 331 and

  1. S-U or letter grades. E. E. Alani. Develops fundamental skills in eukaryotic genetic analysis through lectures and by reading, analyzing, and presenting research articles. Concepts are presented within the context o f a well-studied field, such as chromosome segregation. The basic tools that have been developed to study this field are used to analyze other topics such as vegetative and meiotic cell cycle control, embryonic development, pathogen resistance in plants, and human genetics.

BIOGD 487(4870) Human Genomics

Fall. 3 credits. Prerequisite: BIOGD 281. Lec. A. G. Clark. Applies fundamental concepts o f transmission, population, and molecular genetics to the problem o f determining the degree to which familial clustering o f diseases in humans has a genetic basis. Emphasizes the role o f full genom e know ledge in expediting this process o f gene discovery. Stresses the role o f statistical inference in interpreting genom ic information. Population genetics, and the central role o f understanding variation in the human genom e in mediating variation in disease risk, are explored in depth. Methods such as homozygosity mapping, linkage disequilibrium mapping, and admixture mapping are examined. The format is a series o f lectures with classroom discussion. Assignments include a series o f problem sets and a term paper.

BIOGD 489(4890) Mammalian

Embryology (also BIOAP 489(4890])

Spring. 3 credits. Prerequisite: introductory biology. Offered alternate years; next offered 2009-2010. D. M. Noden. Examines the early formation o f the mammalian body and placenta, emphasizing comparative aspects, and morphogenesis and histogenesis o f each organ system.

BIOGD 490(4900) Manipulating the

Mouse Genome (also NS 490(4900])

Fall. 2 credits. Course meets during first half o f semester (R 1:25-3:20; Aug. 23-Oct. 4 ) and provides background information for VTBMS 701/TOX 701 Mouse Pathology and Transgenesis, which meets during second half. Students interested in both courses must register for them separately. Prerequisites: BIOGD 281 and BIOBM 330, 332, or 333 or NS 320. Letter grades only. P. D. Soloway. Functional genomic analysis has benefited enormously from experimental manipulation o f the genomes o f many organisms. The mouse has been the model o f choice for such studies

G E N E T I C S AND D E V E L O P M E N T 171

in mammals. This course explores the tools available for experimental manipulation o f the mouse genome, including transgenesis, gene targeting, gene trapping, chemical mutagenesis, and cloning by nuclear transplant. Also discussed are use o f recombinant inbred mice for complex trait analysis. Readings from the scientific literature focus on seminal applications o f these methods.

BIOGD 608(6080) Epigenetics (also NS

608(6080])

Fall. 2 credits. Prerequisites: BIOGD 281 and BIOBM 330, 332, or 333 or NS 320. Letter grades only. Planned W F 11:15— 12:05; occasional evening meetings for student presentations. P. D. Soloway. Epigenetic effects refer to reversible alterations in chromatin structure that can stably and heritably influence gene expression. These changes include covalent modifications to DNA itself or to proteins bound to D N A as well as noncovalent remodeling o f chromatin. This course examines selected epigenetic phenomena described in several eukaryotes, mechanisms regulating these effects, and their phenotypic consequences when normal regulation is lost. Reading materials are from current literature, and participation in class discussion is required.

BIOGD 610(6100) Genomes as

Chromosomes

Fall. 3 credits. Limited to 15 students. Prerequisites: BIOGD 281 and BIOBM 330 or 333 or 331/332 or equivalent by permission o f instructor. Letter grades only. T. P. O ’Brien and P. E. Cohen. The eukaryotic genom e is partitioned into discrete structural units, the chromosomes. The course examines how chromosome organization is related to chromatin structure, gene expression, DNA replication, repair and stability. Special emphasis is placed on h ow the linear arrangement o f sequence features along the chromosome, such as genes and regulatory modules, relate to the functional organization o f the genom e in the nucleus. Experimental and computational approaches used to address chromosome structure and function are studied.

BIOGD 611(6110) Genome Maintenance

Mechanisms

Fall. 1 credit. Meets only during second half o f semester beginning Oct. 15. Limited to 25 students. Prerequisites: BIOGD 281, as well as BIOBM 330, or 333, or 331/332 (or equivalents). S-U or letter grades. R. Weiss. The course focuses on the molecular mechanisms utilized by eukaryotic cells to preserve genomic integrity. Topics to be discussed include endogenous and exogenous sources o f mutation, D NA repair pathways, and cell cycle checkpoint mechanisms. Also addressed will be how genom e maintenance impacts genom e plasticity and evolution, as w ell as the relationship between genomic instability and disease, especially cancer.

BIOGD 612(6120) Overview of Model

Genetic Organisms

Spring. 1 credit. Limited to 20 students. Prerequisites: BIOGD 281 or 400 or permission o f instructor. S-U or letter grades. J. Schimenti and staff. Presents the features o f various model organisms and their relative merits for conducting various types o f genomics/genetics research. Model systems discussed include: yeast, Arabidopsis, Drosophila, C. elegans, zebrafish, and mice.

BIOGD 613(6130) Genomics and Society

Spring, weeks 10-13. 1 credit. Prerequisite: BIOGD 281 or BIOGD 400 or permission o f instructor. S-U or letter grades. Disc. S. Kresovich and S. Tanksley. A multidisciplinary examination o f four to six selected topics that relate to the applications o f biological insights derived from genomic analysis. Technical, scientific, ethical, political, legal, and/or social aspects o f each topic will be considered from various perspectives.

BIOGD 620(6200) Evolutionary Genomics

of Bacteria

Spring. 1 credit. M. Stanhope. Comparative genomics o f bacteria is a valuable approach to deriving information on pathogenesis, antibiotic resistance, host adaptation, and genom e evolution. This course provides an evolutionary perspective on comparative bacterial genomics, focusing in particular on pathogens o f human and agricultural importance. The course will include lectures, discussion o f relevant scientific literature, and hands-on bioinformatics sessions.

[BIOGD 638(6380) Filamentous Fungal

Genomics and Development (also

PL PA 638(6380])

Spring, last four weeks o f semester. 1 credit. S-U or letter grades. Prerequisite: BIOGD 281 or equivalent, or permission o f instructor. Lee. Offered alternate years; next offered 2008-2009. B. G. Turgeon. For description, see PL PA 638.]

BIOGD 682(6820) Fertilization and the

Early Embryo

Spring. 2 credits. Prerequisites: BIOGD 281; BIOBM 332, 330 or 333; and BIOGD 385 or permission o f instructor. Lee. O ffered alternate years. M. F. Wolfner. W e explore the latest molecular/cell/genetic findings about the b iology o f gametes, fertilization and early development— and their application to fertility modulation, “cloning” and stem cells.

[BIOGD 687(6870) Developmental

Genetics

Fall. 2 credits. Limited to 20 students. Prerequisites: BIOGD 281 and 385 or equivalents. S-U or letter grades. Lee TBA. O ffered alternate years; next offered 2008-

  1. K. J. Kemphues. Course focuses on methods o f genetic analysis o f fruitflies, nematodes, mice, and fish to understand mechanisms o f development. N o text. Lectures and problems from literature.]

[BIOGD 689(6890) Cellular Basis of

Development

Fall. 2 credits. Limited to 20 students. Prerequisites: BIOGD 281, 385, and either BIOBM 330 or 331-332. Lee. S-U or letter grades. Next offered 2010-2011. J. Liu. Focuses on the integration o f different cellular processes in various developmental contexts. Topics include cell polarity, cell migration, cell adhesion and fusion, cell growth and proliferation, cell-cell communication, and cell death. Students are required to read current literature and participate in discussions in class.]

BIOGD 780(7800) Current Topics in

Genetics and Development

Fall or spring. 1 credit; may be repeated for credit. Limited to 20 students. Primarily for graduate students; priority given to majors in field o f genetics. Prerequisite: for undergraduates, written permission o f instructor. N o auditors. S-U grades only, by permission o f instructor. Seminar TBA. Staff.

BIOGD 781(7810) Problems in Genetics

and Development

Fall. 2 credits. Prerequisite: first-year graduate students in field o f genetics and development. Disc TBA. Staff. Introduction to the research literature in selected areas through w eekly problem sets and discussions.

BIOGD 782-783(7820-7830) Current

Genetics/Development Topics

Spring. 0.5 or 1 credit for each topic; may b e repeated for credit. S-U grades only. Lee and sem on specialized topics. Staff.

BIOGD 784(7840) Introduction to

Quantitative Analysis

Fall. 1 credit. Letter grades only. E. Alani (organizer), A. Clark, C. Bustamante, and M. Goldberg. The goal o f this course is to introduce bioinformatic and probability/statistical tools at an intuitive level that w ill be meaningful to first-year graduate students in Genetics and Development.

BIOGD 786(7860) Research Seminar in

Genetics and Development

Fall and spring. 1 credit. Requirement for, and limited to second-, third-, and fourth- year graduate students in genetics and development. S-U grades only. Staff. Each graduate student presents one seminar per year based on his or her thesis research. The student then meets with the thesis committee members for an evaluation o f the presentation.

BIOGD 787(7870) Seminar in Genetics

and Development

Fall and spring. 1 credit. Prerequisite: graduate students in Genetics and Development. S-U grades only. Sem, TBA. Staff. Seminars in current research in genetics and developmental b iology conducted by distinguished visitors and staff.

Related Courses in Other Departments

Advanced Plant Genetics (PL BR 606)

Biosynthesis of Macromolecules (BIOBM

Current Topics in Biochemistry (BIOBM 732-

Evolutionary Biology (BIOEE 278)

Laboratory in Molecular Biology and Genetic

Engineering of Plants (BIOPL 347)

Laboratory in Plant Molecular Biology (BIOPL

Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering

of Plants (BIOPL 343)

Plant Cytogenetics (PL BR 446)

Plant Genome Organization (PL BR 483.3)

Plant Molecular Biology I (BIOPL 483)

N E U R O B I O L O G Y AND B E H A V I O R 173

[BIOMI 651(6080) Genomics of

Bacterium-Host Interactions (also

PL PA 608(6080])

Fall, second half o f semester. 1 credit. Prerequisites: BIOMI 290 or equivalent or permission o f instructor. S-U or letter grades. Offered alternate even years; next offered 2008-2009. A. Collmer and S. Winans. For description, see PL PA 608.]

BIOMI 690 Prokaryotic Biology

Fall and spring. 4 weeks/8 lec. 1 credit per sec to be offered. Sec 1 Microbial Structure and Function Fall. J. P. Shapleigh. Discusses those macromolecules and assemblages o f macromolecules that together define the structure o f the prokaryotic cell. This includes external structures, such as cell wall, flagella, pili, and peptidoglycan and internal structures such as specialized vesicles and other large complexes.

Sec 2 Environmental Microbiology Fall. E. L. Madsen. Core course o f concepts, methods, and current literature that reveals the multidisciplinary nature o f environmental m icrobiology and its relationship to prokaryotic biology. Discusses the crucial roles that microorganisms play in catalyzing biogeochemical reactions throughout the biosphere.

Sec 3 Microbial Physiology/Diversity Fall. S. H. Zinder. Reviews the major energy-conserving modes o f metabolism and their phylogenetic distributions among both bacteria and archaea. Topics include phylogenetic analysis, fermentation, respiration, photosynthesis, pathways o f carbon and nitrogen fixation, and evolution o f the three domains o f life. Sec 4 Microbial Genetics Spring. J. D. Helmann. Reviews the fundamental concepts o f microbial genetics including mutations and their analysis, plasmids, conjugation, transformation, transduction, transposition, recombination, repair, and mutagenesis.

Sec 5 Microbial Pathogenesis Spring. S. C. Winans. Introduction to the fundamental concepts o f bacterial pathogenesis including the normal flora, pathogen entry and colonization, the production and regulation o f toxins, horizontal transfer o f pathogenesis determinants, and the roles o f both specific and nonspecific host defenses. Examples include bacterial pathogens o f both animals and plants.

BIOMI 699(6990) Toxicology Journal Club

Sec 01— Environmental Toxicology

(TOX 6990)

Spring. 1 credit. Required for toxicology students until post A exam. A. G. Hay.

BIOMI 725(7250) Mechanisms of

Microbial Pathogenesis (also VETMI

725(7250])

Spring. 3 credits. Prerequisites: for undergraduates, written permission o f instructor; BIOMI 404, 409, 417, or equivalent. Highly recommended: completion o f two o f the three courses. D. Debbie, M. Hesse, H. Marquis, J. Parker, M. Scidmore, and G. Whittaker. For description, see VETMI 725.

BIOMI 740(6430) Veterinary Perspectives

on Pathogen Control in Animal

Manure (also VTMED/BEE 740(6430])

Spring, eight weeks. 2 credits. Prerequisite: third- and fourth-year veterinary students. Letter grades only. D. D. Bowman. For description, see VTMED 740.

BIOMI 791(7910) Advanced Topics in

Microbiology

Fall or spring. 1 credit; may be repeated for credit. Prerequisite: graduate standing in microbiology. S-U grades only. Sec 01 Bacterial Genetics, S. C. Winans; Sec 02 Environmental Microbiology, E. R. Angert. Reading and presentation by graduate students o f current literature in selected areas o f modern microbiology.

BIOMI 796(7960) Current Topics in

Microbiology

Fall and spring. 0.5 or 1 credit for each topic; may be repeated for credit. Primarily for graduate students in microbiology. Prerequisite: upper-level courses in microbiology. S-U grades only. Lec. Staff. Lectures and seminars on special topics in microbiology.

BIOMI 797(7970) Scientific

Communication Skills

Fall and spring. 1 credit each semester. Requirement for graduate students in graduate field o f m icrobiology for first two semesters; third semester optional. S-U grades only. Staff. The ability to communicate effectively is essential for success as a scientist. The primary goal o f this course is to provide students with an opportunity to develop self-confidence and refine their formal oral presentation skills. Students are asked to present topical seminars that are critically evaluated by the instructor. Feedback for improving the presentation and peer evaluations are emphasized.

BIOMI 798(7980) Graduate Research

Seminar in Microbiology

Fall and spring. 1 credit each semester. Requirement for graduate students in graduate field o f microbiology. S-U grades only. Staff. All graduate students in the field o f microbiology are required to attend and present a seminar concerning their research at least once each year.

BIOMI 799(7990) Microbiology Seminar

Fall and spring. Requirement for all graduate students in graduate field o f microbiology. Open to all w h o are interested. Staff.

Related Courses in Other Departments

Advanced Food Microbiology (FD SC 607)

Advanced Immunology Lectures (BIO G/

VETMI 705)

Advanced Work in Bacteriology, Virology, or

Immunology (VETMI 707)

Phytobacteriology Research Updates (PL PA

Basic Immunology, Lectures (BIO G 305,

VETMI 315)

Current Topics in Oomycete Biology (PL PA

Food Microbiology, Laboratory (FD SC 395)

Food Microbiology, Lectures (FD SC 394)

Immunology of Infectious Diseases (BIO G

706, VETMI 719)

Introduction to Scanning Electron Microscopy

(BIO G 401)

Fungi (PL PA 309)

Light and Video Microscopy for Biologists

(BIO G 450)

Limnology: Ecology of Lakes, Lectures

(BIOEE 457)

Magical Mushrooms, Mischievous Molds

(PL PA 201)

Microbiology for Environmental Engineering

(CEE 451)

Plant Virology (PL PA 645)

Principles of Biogeochemistry (BIOEE 668)

The Soil Ecosystem (CSS 366)

NEUROBIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR

(BIONB)

BIONB 111(1110) Brain Mind and

Behavior (also PSYCH/COGST

1 1 1 (11 1 0])

Spring. 3 credits. Prerequisite: none. Intended for freshmen and sophomores in humanities and social sciences; not open to juniors and seniors. Not recommended for psychology majors; biology majors may not use for credit toward major. Letter grades only. Planned M W F 9:05. E. Adkins-Regan and R. R. Hoy. For description, see COGST 111.

BIONB 221(2210) Neurobiology and

Behavior I: Introduction to Behavior

Fall. 3, 4, o r 5 credits; 4 credits with one disc per week; 5 credits with tw o disc per w eek and participation in Writing in the Majors program; 4- or 5-credit option required o f students in neurobiology and behavior program o f study. Limited to 15 students per 4-credit disc. Priority given to students studying neurobiology and behavior. Limited to 12 students in 5-credit option (students may not preregister for 5-credit option; interested students com plete application form on first day o f class). Not open to freshmen. Prerequisite: one year introductory biology for majors. May be taken independently o f BIONB

  1. S-U or letter grades. Planned M W F 12:20; disc TBA. P. W. Sherman and staff. General introduction to the field o f animal behavior. Topics include evolution and behavior, behavioral ecology, sociobiology, chemical ecology, communication, orientation and navigation, and hormonal mechanisms o f behavior.

BIONB 221(2210) Neurobiology and

Behavior I: Introduction to Behavior

Summer, six-week session. 3 or 4 credits; 4 credits with one disc per week. Limited to 30 students. Prerequisite: one year introductory college biology. S-U or letter grades. Course fee: none. Planned M -F TBA. Staff. General introduction to the field o f animal behavior. Topics include evolution and behavior, behavioral ecology, sociobiology, chemical ecology, communication, orientation and navigation, and hormonal mechanisms o f behavior.

174 B I O L O G I C A L^ S C I E N C E S^ -^2

BIONB 222(2220) Neurobiology and

Behavior II: Introduction to

Neurobiology

Spring. 3 or 4 credits; 4 credits with disc and written projects; 4-credit option required o f students studying neurobiology and behavior. Limited to 15 students per disc; priority given to students studying neurobiology and behavior. Not open to freshmen. Prerequisites: one year introductory biology for majors and one year o f chemistry. May be taken independently o f BIONB 221. S-U or letter grades. Planned M W F 12:20; disc TBA. C. D. Hopkins and staff. General introduction to the field o f cellular and integrative neurobiology. Topics include neural systems, neuroanatomy, developmental neurobiology, electrical properties o f nerve cells, synaptic mechanisms, neurochemistry, motor systems, sensory systems, learning, and memory. Some discussion sections include dissections o f preserved brains.

BIONB 231(2310) Sophomore Seminar:

Topics in Cognitive Studies (also

PSYCH 231/531(2310/6331], COGST

531(6331])

Spring. 4 credits. 231 limited to 15 students. Planned M W 2:55-4:10. S. Edelman. For description, see PSYCH 231.

BIONB 321(3210) State of the Planet

Spring. 2 or 3 credits (3-cr. option includes disc sec). Prerequisites: none. S-U grades only. Planned M W 8:40-9:55; disc TBA. T. Eisner and M. L. Zeeman. This interdisciplinary course is intended for any student with concern for the global crises w e collectively face. During this course you will be introduced to current data and engaged in analysis o f those data, establish a global context for your specialized education, and be provided with a toolbox to bring awareness, analysis and action to your lives and careers beyond graduation.

BIONB 322(3220) Hormones and

Behavior (also PSYCH 322(3220])

Fall. 3 credits. Limited to 60 students. Prerequisites: junior or senior standing; any one o f the following: PSYCH 223 or BIONB 221 or 222 or one year introductory biology plus psychology course. T w o lec plus sec in which students read and discuss original papers in the field, give oral presentation, and write term paper. Letter grades only. Graduate students, see PSYCH 722. Planned M W F 11:15. E. Adkins-Regan. For description, see PSYCH 322.

BIONB 323(3230) Methods in Animal

Behavior

Fall. 4 credits. Limited to 24 students. Prerequisite: BIONB 221. Letter grades only. O ffered alternate years. Planned M W 1:25-4:25. S. L. Vehrencamp and C. Botero. This course provides hands-on experience with modern methods for studying animal behavior both in the field and in the laboratory. In-depth class projects will be complemented with a series o f shorter workshops and demonstrations. Topics include animal sound recording, field videography radio-tracking, mapping, animal color analysis, capture/marking methods, odor analysis, measuring dominance hierarchies, and behavioral statistics.

[BIONB 324(3240) Biopsychology

Laboratory (also PSYCH 324(3240])

Fall. 4 credits. Limited to 18 students. Prerequisites: junior or senior standing; PSYCH 223 or, BIONB 221 or 222, and permission o f instructor. Planned T R 1:25— 4:25. Letter grades only. Next offered 2008-2009. T. J. DeVoogd. For description, see PSYCH 324.]

[BIONB 325(3250) Insect Behavior (also

ENTOM 325(3250])

Spring. 3 credits. Limited to 55 students. Prerequisite: ENTOM 212 or BIONB 221. Intended for juniors, seniors, and beginning graduate students. S-U or letter grades. Planned T R 10:10-11:25. Offered alternate years; next offered 2008-2009. L. S. Rayor. For description, see ENTOM 325.]

BIONB 326(3260) The Visual System

Spring. 4 credits. Limited to 25 students. Prerequisite: BIONB 222 or BIOAP 311 or permission o f instructor. S-U or letter grades. Planned M W F 10:10; disc TBA. Offered alternate years. H. C. Howland. The visual systems o f vertebrates are discussed in breadth and depth as w ell as some aspects o f invertebrate vision. Topics include the optics and anatomy o f eyes, retinal neurophysiology, structure and function o f higher visual centers, ocular motility, and ocular and visual system development.

[BIONB 327(3270) Evolutionary

Perspectives on Human Behavior

Fall. 3 credits. Limited to 20 students. Prerequisites: BIONB 221 and permission o f instructor. Letter grades only. Planned M W 2:55-4:10. Next offered 2008-2009. S. T. Emlen. Socratically taught, discussion-based course dealing with evolutionary perspectives on human behavior.]

[BIONB 328(3280) Biopsychology of

Learning and Memory (also PSYCH

332(3320])

Spring. 3 credits. Limited to 65 students. Prerequisites: one year o f b iology and either a biopsychology course or BIONB

  1. S-U or letter grades. Graduate students, see PSYCH 632. Planned M W F 11:15. Next offered 2008-2009. T. J. DeVoogd. For description, see PSYCH 332.]

[BIONB 329(3290) Ecology of Animal

Behavior (also BIOSM 329(3290])

Summer. 4 credits. Limited to 12 students. Prerequisite: one year introductory college biology. Recommended: ecology, psychology, or behavior course. S-U or letter grades. Special tw o-week course offered at Shoals Marine Laboratory (SML), located on an island o ff Portsmouth, N.H. For more details and an application, contact SML office, G14 Stimson Hall. Daily lec, lab, and fieldwork for tw o weeks. Next offered summer 2009. SML faculty. For description, see BIOSM 329 ]

[BIONB 330(3300) Introduction to

Computational Neuroscience (also

PSYCH/COGST/BME 330(3300])

Fall. 3 or 4 credits; 4 credits includes lab providing additional computer simulation exercises. Limited to 25 students. Prerequisites: BIONB 222 or permission o f instructor. S-U or letter grades. Offered alternate years; next offered 2008-2009. Planned M W 2:55-4:10. C. Linster.

Covers the basic ideas and techniques involved in computational neuroscience. Surveys neural dynamics o f networks o f cells, neural coding, learning, memory models, sensory coding.]

BIONB 331(3310) Human Sociobiology

Spring. 3 credits. Limited to 100 students. Prerequisite: BIONB 221 or PSYCH 223 or permission o f instructor. S-U or letter grades. Planned M W 2:55-4:10. P. Barclay. Lecture-based course drawing on research in evolutionary b iology and animal behavior to investigate various aspects o f human social behavior. Findings are presented from areas such as evolutionary psychology, anthropology, human behavioral ecology, and evolutionary game theory. Topics may vary slightly from year to year, but include mating, cooperation (with kin and nonkin), conflict and aggression, parental behavior, costly signaling, and culture.

BIONB 369(3690) Chemical Ecology (also

BIOEE/ENTOM 369(3690])

Spring. 3 credits. Prerequisites: one semester o f introductory biology for majors or nonmajors and one semester o f introductory chemistry for majors or nonmajors or equivalents, or permission o f instructor. S-U or letter grades. Planned M W F 11:15. A. Agrawal, G. Jander, A. Kessler, and J. Thaler. For description, see BIOEE 369.

BIONB 392(3920) Drugs and the Brain

Fall. 4 credits. Limited to 90 students. Prerequisites: BIONB 222 or equivalent course in neurobiology by permission o f instructor. Recommended: knowledge o f biochemistry. S-U or letter grades. Planned T R 10:10-11:25; disc TBA. Offered alternate years. R. M. Harris-Warrick. Introduction to neuropharmacology, with an emphasis on the neural mechanisms o f psychoactive drugs. Topics include a brief introduction to neuropharmacology and a discussion o f the major neurotransmitter families. The rest o f the course covers the major psychoactive drugs, including cocaine, heroin, psychedelics, marijuana, and alcohol, as w ell as pharmaceuticals for the treatment o f anxiety, schizophrenia, and depression. Includes a term paper in the form o f a grant proposal to study a current problem in neuropharmacology.

BIONB 394(3940) Circadian Rhythms

(also BIOGD/ENTOM/PL PA

394(3940])

Fall. 2 or 3 credits. Prerequisite: 200-level b iology course. S-U or letter grades. Planned T 10:10-11:00; additional lab R 1:25-4:25 for 3-cr. option. K. Lee. For description, see PL PA 394.

[BIONB 396(3960) Introduction to

Sensory Systems (also PSYCH

396/696(3960/6960])

Spring. 4 credits. Limited to 25 students. Prerequisites: introductory b iology or biopsychology, plus second course in behavior, biopsychology, cognitive science, neuroscience, or perception; know ledge o f elementary physics, chemistry, and behavior. S-U or letter grades. Planned T R 10:10-11:25. O ffered alternate years; next offered 2008-2009. B. P. Halpem. For description, see PSYCH 396.]