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Biology 1010 Exam Study Guide: Key Concepts and Themes, Exams of Advanced Education

Chamberlain College of Nursing Advanced Education

This comprehensive study set covers key biology 1010 concepts, including the hierarchy of life, emergent properties, organism-environment interactions, energy transfer, cell structure/function, DNA, feedback mechanisms, and evolution. It also addresses the scientific method, water properties, and basic chemistry relevant to biology. Designed for exam preparation and review, it connects facts to overarching themes, enhancing accessibility and understanding. Topics range from the biosphere to molecules, referencing figures like Louis Pasteur and Charles Darwin. The organized content facilitates learning and retention, making it an effective tool for grasping fundamental biological principles.

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BIOLOGY 1010 EXAM STUDY SET

LATEST UPDATED

Louis Pasteur - ANSWER (1822-1895)

- Asymmetric chemistry

- Disapproved the concept of spontaneous generation

- Started the science of micro biology

- Started the science of epidemiology

- Explained many diseases (rabies, Anthrax, Cholera)

Bertram N. Brockhouse - ANSWER (1918-2003)

- Nobel prize in physics (1994) neutron spectrometry

Themes and concepts of biology - ANSWER - Biology is the study of life and

we do not o the limits of life

- Life is continuously changing

- Fitting our knowledge into themes helps make sense of biology

Evolution, the overarching theme of biology - ANSWER - Evolution makes

sense of everything we know about living organisms

- Organisms living on earth are modified descendants of common ancestors

8 themes that unify biology - ANSWER 1. New properties emerge at each

level in the biological hierarchy

2. Organisms interact with other organisms and the physical environment

3. Life requires energy transfer and transformation

4. Structure and function are correlated in biological organization

5. The cell is an organisms basic unit of structure and function

6. The continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of DNA

7. Feedback mechanisms regulate biological systems

** connect the facts to these themes

Theme: New Properties Emerge At Each Level In the Biological Hierarchy -

ANSWER The biosphere

Ecosystems

Communities

Discover Exams of Advanced Education Chamberlain College of Nursing

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BIOLOGY 1010 EXAM STUDY SET

LATEST UPDATED

Louis Pasteur - ANSWER (1822-1895)

Asymmetric chemistry
Disapproved the concept of spontaneous generation
Started the science of micro biology
Started the science of epidemiology
Explained many diseases (rabies, Anthrax, Cholera) Bertram N. Brockhouse - ANSWER (1918-2003)
Nobel prize in physics (1994) neutron spectrometry Themes and concepts of biology - ANSWER - Biology is the study of life and we do not o the limits of life
Life is continuously changing
Fitting our knowledge into themes helps make sense of biology Evolution, the overarching theme of biology - ANSWER - Evolution makes sense of everything we know about living organisms
Organisms living on earth are modified descendants of common ancestors 8 themes that unify biology - ANSWER 1. New properties emerge at each level in the biological hierarchy

Organisms interact with other organisms and the physical environment
Life requires energy transfer and transformation
Structure and function are correlated in biological organization
The cell is an organisms basic unit of structure and function
The continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of DNA
Feedback mechanisms regulate biological systems ** connect the facts to these themes Theme: New Properties Emerge At Each Level In the Biological Hierarchy - ANSWER The biosphere Ecosystems Communities

Populations Organisms Organs and organ systems Tissues Cells Organelles Molecules The Biosphere - ANSWER All of the environments on earth that are inhabited by life: includes most land regions, bodies of water, and the lower atmosphere. Ecosystems - ANSWER All living things in a particular area (large) along with nonliving components with which life interacts. (Soil, water, air) Communities - ANSWER All organisms that inhabit an ecosystem Populations - ANSWER All individuals of a species living within a specified area Organisms - ANSWER Individual living things that are organisms Organs and organ systems - ANSWER An organ is a body part of two or more tissues that carries out a particular function in an organism Tissues - ANSWER A tissues an organized group of cells of a particular type Cells - ANSWER A cell is the fundamental unit of organisms Organelles - ANSWER Organelles are functional, membrane enclosed components that make up cells present in in eukaryotic cells Molecules - ANSWER Composed of atoms (chlorophyll- converting energy in photons - the green atom represents mg) (atoms smallest) Emergent properties - ANSWER - Each level in a hierarchy has unique properties called emergent properties

Result from the arrangement and interaction of parts within an ecosystem
Characterize non biological entities as well

negative feedback - ANSWER Negative feedback means that as more of a product accumulates, the process that creates it slows and less of the product is produced positive feedback - ANSWER Positive feedback means that as more of a product accumulates, the process that creates it speeds up and more of the product is produced Theme: The continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of DNA - ANSWER • Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA is a chemical, the substance of genes • Genes are the units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring Students in Biol 1010 course are best described as a: A. Biosphere B. Ecosystem C. Community D. Population E. Organism - ANSWER D. Population Which of the following is a correct sequence of levels in life's hierarchy? A. Brain, organ system, nerve cell, nervous tissue B. Organ system, nervous tissue, brain C. Organism, organ system, tissue, cell, organ D. Nervous system, brain, nervous tissue, nerve cell E. Organ system, tissue, molecule, cell - ANSWER D. Nervous system, brain, nervous tissue, nerve cell The Core Theme: Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life - ANSWER "Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution"— Theodosius Dobzhansky Charles Darwin What did Darwin Publish - ANSWER Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859

Darwin's two main points - ANSWER - Species showed evidence of "descent with modification" from common ancestors - Natural selection is the mechanism behind "descent with modification"

Darwin's theory explained the duality of unity and diversity What did Darwin infer - ANSWER - Individuals that are best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce
Over time, more individuals in a population will have the advantageous traits
In other words, the natural environment "selects" for beneficial traits Grouping species: The basic idea - ANSWER • Taxonomy is the branch of biology that names and classifies species into groups of increasing breadth • Domains, followed by kingdoms, are the broadest units of classification Three "Domains" of Life - ANSWER • The three-domain system is currently used, and replaces the old five-kingdom system
- Domain Bacteria prokaryotes
- Domain Archaea prokaryotes
Domain Eukarya all eukaryotes Knowledge vs wisdom - ANSWER Knowledge - the tomato is a fruit Wisdom
treat it like a vegetable What are the two forms of inquiry in scientists study of nature - ANSWER - Observation (also known as Descriptive/Discovery science)
Hypothesis-based science Observation Science - ANSWER • Observation science describes natural structures and processes This approach is based on observation and the analysis of data • relies on inductive reasoning - derive generalizations based upon observations "All organisms are based on cells" Observation science limitations - ANSWER - difficult to test
difficult to understand the unexpected The concept of earth being in the centre of the universe (which it is not)

The polarity of water molecules results in hydrogen bonding - ANSWER • The water molecule is a polar molecule: The opposite ends have opposite charges

Polarity allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other
The hydrogen bonds (relatively weak) confer many properties to water Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earth's fitness for life - ANSWER • Four of water's properties that facilitate an environment for life are:
Cohesive behaviour
Ability to moderate temperature
Expansion upon freezing
Versatility as a solvent Cohesion - ANSWER • Collectively, hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together, a phenomenon called cohesion
Cohesion helps the transport of water against gravity in plants
Adhesion is an attraction between different substances, for example, between water and plant cell walls Surface tension - ANSWER • Surface tension is a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid
Surface tension is related to cohesion Moderation of temperature - ANSWER • Water absorbs heat from warmer air and releases stored heat to cooler air
- Water can absorb or release a large amount of heat with only a slight change in its own temperature Water's high specific heat - ANSWER • The specific heat of a substance is the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1ºC • The specific heat of water is 1 cal/g/ºC
some metals (Iron) 0.1 cal/g/ºC
- Water resists changing its temperature because of its high specific heat evaporative cooling - ANSWER • Evaporation is transformation of a substance from liquid to gas
Heat of vaporization is the heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g to be converted to gas

As a liquid evaporates, its remaining surface cools, a process called evaporative cooling
Evaporative cooling of water helps stabilize temperatures in organisms and bodies of water Expansion upon freezing - ANSWER ice is less dense than water, so it does not sink when ice forms on lakes or rivers Versatility of a solvent - The solvent of life - ANSWER • A solution is a liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of substances
A solvent is the dissolving agent of a solution
The solute is the substance that is dissolved
An aqueous solution is one in which water is the solvent Hydrophilic - ANSWER A hydrophilic substance is one that has an affinity for water Hydrophobic - ANSWER • A hydrophobic substance is one that does not have an affinity for water • Oil molecules are hydrophobic because they have relatively nonpolar bonds Acidic and basic conditions affect living organisms - ANSWER A hydrogen atom in a hydrogen bond between two water molecules can shift from one to the other:
The hydrogen atom leaves its electron behind and is transferred as a proton, or hydrogen ion (H+) - - The molecule with the extra proton is now a hydronium ion (H3O+), though it is often represented as H+
The molecule that lost the proton is now a hydroxide ion (OH-) Acidic and basic conditions affect living organisms - ANSWER 2H2O = Hydronium ion (H3O+) + Hydroxide ion (OH-) Acids - ANSWER • An acid is any substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution Bases - ANSWER • A base is any substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution

0.1 M = 0.1 mole/ 1 Litre When the pH is 10 - ANSWER 10 = - log [H+] Log - 10 = 0. 0.0000000001 M 0.0000000001 mole / 1 L What is pH? - ANSWER pH is a measure of the moles of H+ ion In biology we use the unit moles to describe quantity (Avogadro's number) What is mole - ANSWER A mole is x grams of a substance, where x is its relative molecular mass (molecular weight). A mole will contain 6x10^ molecules of the substance. 1 mole of carbon weighs 12g 1 mole of glucose weighs 180g 1 mole of sodium chloride weighs 58g Molecular solutions have a concentration of 1 mole of the substance in 1 litre of solution. A molar solution (denoted as 1M) of glucose, for example, has 180g/l, while a millimolar solution (1mM) has 180mg/l. The standard abbreviation for gram is g; the abbreviation for litre is l. Calculation for: 2gH + 1gO > xg H2O 500 g dimes + 500 g of quarters > x $ - ANSWER 2gH + 1gO > xg H2O 500 g dimes + 500 g of quarters > x $ 28.50 $ (dimes) + 11.25 $ (quarters) > $39. 2 moles H + 0.063 moles O > 0.063 moles H2O

0.063 moles x 18 g/mole =1.134 g Buffers - ANSWER The internal pH of most living cells must remain close to pH 7

Buffers are substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution
Most buffers consist of an acid-base pair that reversibly combines with H+ You should now be able to: - ANSWER 1. List and explain the four properties of water that emerge as a result of its ability to form hydrogen bonds

Distinguish between the following sets of terms: hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances; a solute, a solvent, and a solution
Define acid, base, and pH
Use pH to describe other properties of acids or bases Overview: Carbon: The Backbone of Life - ANSWER • Although cells are 70- 95% water, the rest consists mostly of carbon-based compounds

Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large, complex, and diverse molecules
Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other molecules that distinguish living matter are all composed of carbon compounds Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds - ANSWER • Organic chemistry is the study of compounds that contain carbon
CH4 to DNA
It was once thought that only life could make organic compounds
Most pharmaceutical compounds are organic compounds The Formation of Bonds with Carbon - ANSWER • With four valence electrons, carbon can form four covalent bonds with a variety of atoms
In molecules with multiple carbons, each carbon bonded to four other atoms has a tetrahedral shape
Structure versus function (theme) Molecular Diversity Arising from Carbon Skeleton Variation - ANSWER • Carbon chains form the skeletons of most organic molecules
Carbon chains vary in length and shape

The seven functional groups that are most important in the chemistry of life: - ANSWER - Hydroxyl group
- Carbonyl group - Carboxyl group
- Amino group
- Sulfhydryl group - Phosphate group - Methyl group The Chemical Elements of Life: - ANSWER • The versatility of carbon makes possible the great diversity of organic molecules
Variation at the molecular level lies at the foundation of all biological diversity Overview: The Molecules of Life
Cells are composed of four classes of large biological molecules: - ANSWER Cells are composed of four classes of large biological molecules:
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids Macromolecules - ANSWER Macromolecules are large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms
- Molecular structure and function are inseparable What you should know - ANSWER • The properties of carbon
Structures of simple carbon molecules
The classes of structures
Functional groups and their properties
Understand diversity and unity at the molecular level Question:The number of H+ ions in a solution of pH 5 and pH 7 differ by which multiple? A. 1 B. 20 C. 200 D. 100 E. None of the above - ANSWER D. 100

Question:In which class of isomers are the chemicals mirror images of each other? A. Enantiomers B. Structural isomers C. Geometric isomers D. Isotopes E. None of the above - ANSWER A. Enantiomers Carbohydrates - ANSWER Sugars and polymers of sugars • energy sources and storage

cell recognition
mechanical structures Sugars - ANSWER • Monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH2O
Glucose (C6H12O6) is the most common monosaccharide
Monosaccharides are classified by
The location of the carbonyl group (as aldose or ketose)
The number of carbons in the carbon skeleton The numbering of monosaccharides - ANSWER Keeping track of structure Molecule ha many structural isomers Disaccharide - ANSWER • A disaccharide is formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides
This covalent bond is called a glycosidic linkage Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of maltose - ANSWER Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of sucrose - ANSWER Polysaccharides - ANSWER • Polysaccharides, the polymers of sugars, have storage and structural roles
The structure and function of a polysaccharide are determined by its sugar monomers and the positions of glycosidic linkages Question Are the glucose molecules in starch in a trans or in a cis formation? A. Trans

The major function of fats is energy storage
Humans and other mammals store their fat in adipose cells
Adipose tissue also cushions vital organs and insulates the body Phospholipids - ANSWER • In a phospholipid, two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol
The two fatty acid tails are hydrophobic, but the phosphate group and its attachments form a hydrophilic head Phospholipids - ANSWER • When phospholipids are added to water, they selfassemble into a bilayer, with the hydrophobic tails pointing toward the interior • The structure of phospholipids results in a bilayer arrangement found in cell membranes
Phospholipids are the major component of all cell membranes Steroids - ANSWER steroids - ANSWER • Steroids are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
Cholesterol, an important steroid, is a component in animal cell membranes
Cholesterol is a rigid molecule
Although cholesterol is essential in animals, high levels in the blood may contribute to cardiovascular disease Question:Which macromolecule contains the most fatty acid components? A. Chitin molecule B. Triacylglycerol molecule C. Phospholipid molecule D. Polysaccharide E. Cholesterol - ANSWER B. Triacylglycerol molecule Proteins have many structures, resulting in a wide range of functions - ANSWER • Proteins account for more than 50% of the dry mass of most cells
Protein functions include structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, and defense against foreign substances • Review protein function and levels of protein structure

Polypeptides - ANSWER • Polypeptides are polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids

A protein consists of one or more polypeptides Amino Acid Polymers - ANSWER • Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds
A polypeptide is a polymer of amino acids
Polypeptides range in length from a few to more than a thousand monomers
Each polypeptide has a unique linear sequence of amino acids Amino Acid Monomers - ANSWER • Amino acids are organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups
Amino acids differ in their properties due to differing side chains, called R groups non polar amino acids - ANSWER Polar amino acids - ANSWER Electrically charges amino acids - ANSWER In a protein that is composed of 500 subunits (amino acids), and knowing that there are 20 amino acids that can be used for each subunit, answer this question: How many different types of proteins can made? - ANSWER 20^ Protein Structure and Function - ANSWER A functional protein consists of one or more polypeptides twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique shape
The sequence of amino acids determines a protein's three-dimensional structure
A protein's structure determines its function
(DNA makes RNA makes Protein) Four Levels of Protein Structure - ANSWER • Primary structure - sequence of amino acids
Secondary structure- coils and folds in the polypeptide
Tertiary structure - three dimensional structure
Quaternary structure - multiple polypeptides

Enzymes transform substrates into products cells use for biological energy - ANSWER • Substrate: initial reactant acted upon by enzymes.

Product: result of the chemical reaction catalyzed by the enzyme.
Energy needed to overcome energy barrier of breaking and reforming bonds for reaction to proceed.
Enzymes lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction. Enzymes can lower activation energy by - ANSWER • Bringing substrates together in the proper orientation.
Putting torque on the substrate.
Providing a proper chemical microenvironment. • Adding or removing functional groups to or from the substrate. Cells regulate enzymes by turning them off or on. - ANSWER Feedback inhibition and competitive inhibition Feedback inhibition - ANSWER Feedback inhibition: products bind to and inhibit enzymes. Competitive inhibition - ANSWER Competitive inhibition: molecules similar to the substrate bind to active site but do not react, preventing substrates from binding and reacting. How to cells regulate enzymes - ANSWER Cells regulate enzymes by turning them off or on Nucleic acids - ANSWER Polymers consisting of nucleotide monomers. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - ANSWER Contains all information needed for transformation from a single cell to a complex organism. Responsible for diversity between organisms of all species. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) - ANSWER RNAs serve many roles in cells, the most well known of which is the process of making proteins based on the information encoded in genes. Three main components of nucleotides - ANSWER • Phosphate

Sugar
Nitrogenous base
Phosphate and sugar form the backbone of the nucleic acid.
Nitrogenous bases come in five different types: guanine, thymine, adenine, cytosine or uracil. Types or nucleic acids - ANSWER There are two types of nucleic acids:
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) Nucleotide Subunits - ANSWER There are two families of nitrogenous bases:
Pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) have a single six-membered ring
Purines (adenine and guanine) have a sixmembered ring fused to a five- membered ring The Roles of Nucleic Acids - ANSWER DNA provides directions for its own replication
DNA directs synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) and, through mRNA, controls protein synthesis
Protein synthesis occurs in ribosomes We are learning about new types: microRNAs DNA has chemical properties that make is resistant to change. DNA and Evolution - ANSWER • The linear sequences of nucleotides in DNA molecules are passed from parents to offspring
Two closely related species are more similar in DNA than are more distantly related species
Molecular biology can be used to assess evolutionary kinship You should now be able to: - ANSWER 1. List and describe the four major classes of molecules

Describe how polymers are formed
Distinguish between the different structures in each group
Distinguish between the following pairs: pyrimidine and purine, nucleotide and nucleoside, ribose and deoxyribose, the 5′ end and 3′ end of a nucleotide

Biology 1010 Exam Study Guide: Key Concepts and Themes, Exams of Advanced Education

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Download Biology 1010 Exam Study Guide: Key Concepts and Themes and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity!

BIOLOGY 1010 EXAM STUDY SET

LATEST UPDATED