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Introduction
Higher secondary is the most crucial stage of education because at this juncture specialized disciplines of science are introduced. The present syllabus reinforces the concepts introduced in lower classes. Recently, the science of biology has undergone a paradigm shift that has transformed it from a collection of loosely related facts into a modern applied science. Living organisms exhibit extremely complex functional system. Organisms seldom occur as isolated individuals. They are organized into populations and biological communities. Organisms, communities, ecosystems and environment constitute unique set of natural resources of great importance. Knowledge of biology helps us to understand a common thread which holds all these components together. Understanding of biology will help in the sustainable development of the environment and will also ensure the existence of earth with all its amazing diversity. This syllabus is designed to prepare students for various examinations conducted at state and national level. Hence it has been prepared in accordance with the guidelines shown in the final version of common core syllabi of COBSE, Delhi. Accordingly some additional topics from state Board syllabus have been deleted whereas the lacking topics have been added. The entire unit “Ecology and Environment” has now been added under Botany and Zoology sections.
Objectives
The prescribed syllabus is expected to Promote the inherent skill of observation. Assist to understand the underlying principles of biological sciences and thereby develop scientific attitude towards biological phenomena. Help students to understand the functioning of organisms. Make students aware of issues of global importance. Guide students to perform easy experiments for better understanding of biological principles and to develop experimental skills required in practical work. Create awareness about the contribution of biology to human welfare.
Std. – XI
Section I - Botany
Unit 1 Diversity in Living World:
Chapter 1- Diversity in organisms :
- Diversity in living organisms-Brief idea.
- Systematic and binomial system of nomenclature - meaning of the terms taxonomy, systematics, classification and nomenclature, Need of classification. Three domains of life, Concept of species. Taxonomic hierarchy with examples. Binomial nomenclature explanation, significance and examples.
Biology (56)
Std. XI and XII
- Classification of living organisms (five Kingdom classification) – Major groups and principles of classification for each Kingdom with examples.
- Lichens - Meaning, characters, examples and importance.
- Viruses and viroids - Definitions, characters, types with examples, Economic importance and list of viral diseases. Chapter 2 - Kingdom Plantae :
- Salient features of major plant groups - Algae, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms (Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons). Three to five salient features and two examples of each category.
- Botanical gardens and herbaria - Meaning, importance and list of gardens and herbaria in India.
Unit 2 Structure and function of cell :
Chapter 3 - Biochemistry of cell :
- Basic chemical constituents of living bodies.
- Structure and function of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids in brief.
- Enzymes - Definition, Types, general properties , Enzyme action and factors affecting enzyme activity in brief. Chapter 4 Cell Division :
- Cell cycle
- Mitosis
- Meiosis
Unit 3 Structural organization in plants
Chapter 5 - Morphology of Plants :
- Morphology, anatomy and functions of different parts - Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit and seed. (To be dealt along with the relevant practicals of the practical syllabus)
- Plant tissues.
Unit 4 Plant Physiology
Chapter 6 - Plant Water Relations and Mineral Nutrition :
- Movement of water, food, nutrients and gases - Absorption of water and minerals, Apoplast and Symplast Pathways. Active and passive absorption in brief. 2. Guttation Ascent of sap, root pressure concept and cohesion - tension theory. Translocation of sugars through phloem brief account. Transpiration – structure of stomata, mechanism of opening and closing of stomata, Role of K+^ ions
- Role of water and minerals - macronutrients and micronutrients and their role. Mineral deficiency symptoms, Mineral toxicity, Elementary idea of Hydroponics, Nitrogen Metabolism (nitrogen cycle, biological nitrogen fixation) Chapter 7 - Plant Growth and Development: Seed dormancy Germination - Hypogeal, epigeal and viviparous. Definition and characteristics of growth. Phases of growth, Conditions of growth, Differentiation, de- differentiation, redifferentiation Sequence of developmental process in a plant cell Growth regulators - auxins, gibberellins, cytokinines, ethylene and abscissic acid (role in brief) Photoperiodism, Photomorphogenesis including brief account of Phytochromes (Elementary idea) Vernalization.
iv) Respiratory disorders- Asthma, Emphysema and occupational lung diseases. Chapter 14 - Human skeleton and Locomotion: Brief account of human skeleton: A] Axial Skeleton B] Appendicular Skeleton (Details to be dealt with the relevant practical) Types of joints - synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses. Types of diarthroses - ball and socket, hinge, condyloid, pivot, saddle and gliding joints. Types of Movement- Ciliary, Flagellar, Muscular Mechanism of muscle movement: Contractile proteins and Muscle contraction. Skeletal and muscular disorders – Myasthenia gravis , Osteoporosis, arthritis, muscular dystrophy tetany and gout.
Std. XI - Biology Practicals Syllabus
(A) List of experiments:
1. Study of parts of compound microscope.
2. Preparation of T. S. of dicot (sunflower) and monocot roots and stem to study different plant tissues. 3. Study and describe three locally available flowering plants from the families- Solanaceae, Fabaceae and Liliaceae with respect to types of root-(tap and adventitious), stem (herbaceous and woody), leaf (arrangement, shape, venation, simple and compound) and floral characters.
4. Study of plasmolysis in epidermal peels.
5. Study of osmosis by Potato osmometer 6. Study of structure and distribution of stomata in upper and lower surface of leaf. 7. To test the presence of sugar, starch, proteins and fats from suitable plant and animal materials. 8. To study the digestion of starch by salivary amylase under different conditions of temperature and pH.
(B) Study/ Observation of the following
(Spotting):
1. Study of specimens and identification with reasons: Bacteria, Amoeba, Oscillatoria, Spirogyra, Rhizopus, yeast, Agaricus, Usnea, Riccia, Funaria, Nephrolepis , Cycas, sunflower and maize. 2. Comparative study of rates of transpiration in upper and lower surface of leaf. 3. Study of different modifications of root (fusiform root, parasitic root, epiphytic root and pneumatophores). 4. Study of different modifications of stem (stem tuber, runner, and tendril). 5. Study of different modifications of leaf (leaflet and stipular tendril), leaf Spines, phyllode).
6.. Study of imbibition of seeds/raisins. 7. Study and identification of different types of inflorescence. 8. Study of tissues and diversity in shapes and sizes of plant and animal cells- palisade cells, guard cells, parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem, phloem, squamous epithelium, muscle fibres, mammalian blood smear , through temporary or permanent slides.
9. Observation and comments on experimental set up on: a) Phototropism b) Suction due to transpiration. c) Apical bud removal 10. Study of specimens and their identification with reasons – Sycon, Hydra , Pleurobrachia Liverfluke , Ascaris , Leech, Earthworm, Prawn, Silkworm, Honey bee , Snail, Star-fish, Balanoglossus , Shark, Rohu, Frog, Lizard, Pigeon and Rat. 11. Study of human skeleton (except skull, hand bones and foot bones) and different types of joints (synovial, cartilaginous and fibrous joints with one suitable example).
12. Study of external morphology of earthworm, cockroach and frog through models. 13. Study of mitosis in onion root tips and animal cells ( grasshopper) from permanent slides.
Std. - XII Biology
Section I – BOTANY
Unit 1: Genetics and Evolution :
Chapter 1 - Genetic Basis of Inheritance: Mendelian inheritance. Deviations from Mendelian ratio (gene interaction- incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups), Pleiotropy, Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance. Chapter 2 - Gene: its nature, expression and regulation: Modern concept of gene in brief-cistron, muton and recon. DNA as genetic
material , structure of DNA as given by Watson and Crick's model, DNA Packaging , semi conservative replication of eukaryotic DNA. RNA: General structure, types and functions. Protein Synthesis; central dogma, Transcription; Translation-Genetic Code, Gene Expression and Gene Regulation (The Lac operon as a typical model of gene regulation).
Unit 2: Biotechnology and its application:
Chapter 3 - Biotechnology: Process and Application : Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology): Transposons, Plasmids, Bacteriophages; Producing Restriction Fragments, Preparing and cloning a DNA Library, Gene Amplification (PCR). Application of Biotechnology in Agriculture – BT crops Biosafety Issues (Biopiracy and patents)
Unit 3: Biology and Human Welfare :
Chapter 4 - Enhancement in Food Production Plant Breeding Tissue Culture: Concept of Cellular Totipotency, Requirements of Tissue Culture (in brief), Callus Culture, Suspension Culture. Single Cell Protein. Biofortification. Chapter 5 - Microbes in Human Welfare: Microbes in Household food processing. Microbes in Industrial Production. Microbes in Sewage Treatment. Microbes in Biogas (energy) Production. Microbes as Biocontrol Agents. Microbes as Biofertilizers.
Sex Determination in Human being, birds, honey bee.Mendelian disorders in humans-Thalassemia. Chromosomal disorders in human: Down’s syndrome, Turner’s syndrome and Klinfelter’s syndrome.
Unit 2: Biotechnology and its application:
Chapter 12- Genetic Engineering and Genomics DNA Finger Printing. Genomics and Human Genome Project. Biotechnological Applications in Health: Human insulin and vaccine production, Gene Therapy. Transgenic animals.
Unit 3: Biology and Human Welfare
Chapter 13- Human Health and Diseases Concepts of Immunology: Immunity Types, Vaccines, Structure of Antibody, Antigen-Antibody Complex, Antigens on blood cells. Pathogens and Parasites (Amoebiasis, Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis, Typhoid, Pneumonia, Common cold and ring worm). Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse. Cancer and AIDS. Chapter 14- Animal Husbandry Management of Farms and Farm Animals. Dairy. Poultry. Animal Breeding. Bee-Keeping. Fisheries. Sericulture Lac culture
Unit 4: Human Physiology :
Chapter 15- Circulation Blood composition and coagulation, Blood groups. Structure and pumping action of Heart.
Blood Vessels. Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation. Heart beat and Pulse. Rhythmicity of Heart beat. Cardiac output , Regulation of cardiac activity. Blood related disorders: Hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, and heart failure. ECG, Lymphatic System (Brief idea): Composition of lymph and its functions. Chapter 16- Excretion and osmoregulation Modes of excretion-Ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism. Excretory System. Composition and formation of urine. Role of Kidney in Osmoregulation. Regulation of kidney function: renin- angiotensin, atrial natriuretic factor, ADH and Diabetes inspidus, role of other organs in excretion. Disorders ; Kidney failure, Dialysis, Kidney stone (renal calculi). Transplantation. Uraemia, nephritis. Chapter 17- Control and Co-ordination Nervous System Structure and functions of brain and Spinal cord, brief idea about PNS and ANS. Transmission of nerve impulse. Reflex action. Sensory receptors (eye and ear), Sensory perception, general idea of other sense organs. Endocrine System Endocrine glands Hormones and their functions Mechanism of hormone action. Hormones as messengers and regulators. Hormonal imbalance and diseases:
Common disorders (Dwarfism, Acromegaly, cretinism, goiter, exopthalmic goiter, Diabetes mellitus, Addison’s disease)
Unit 5: Reproduction in Organisms :
Chapter 18- Human Reproduction Reproductive system in male and female. Histology of testis and ovary. Reproductive cycle. Production of gametes, fertilization, implantation. Embryo development up to three germinal layers. Pregnancy, placenta, parturition and lactation (Elementary idea). Reproductive health-birth control, Contraception and sexually transmitted diseases. MTP, Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies- IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness).
Unit 6: Ecology and Environment :
Chapter 19-Organisms and Environment-II : Population and ecological adaptations: population interactions-mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism, population attributes- growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution. Biodiversity and its conservation- Biodiversity- concept, patterns, importance, loss. Threats to and need for biodiversity conservation, Hotspots, endangered organisms,extinction,red data book, biosphere reserves, national parks and sanctuaries. Environmental issues: air pollution and its control, water pollution and its control and radioactive waste management. (Case studies any two)
Std. XII
(Upgraded) Biology Practicals
Experiments
1. Dissect the given flower and display different whorls. Dissect anther and ovary to show number of chambers. 2. Study pollen germination on a slide. 3. Collect and study soil from at least two different sites and study them for texture, moisture content, pH and water holding capacity of soil. Correlate with the kinds of plants found in them.
4. Study of plant population density and frequency by quadrat method.
- Prepare a temporary mount of onion root tip to study mitosis. 6. Separation of plant pigments by paper chromatography. 7 A) To study the rate of respiration in flower buds/leaf tissue and germinating seeds. B) Demonstration of anaerobic respiration. 8. Study the presence of suspended particulate matter in air at the two widely different Sites. 9. Collect water from two different water bodies around you and study them for pH, clarity and presence of any living organisms. 10. To test the presence of urea and sugar in urine. 11. To test the presence of albumin and bile salts in urine. Study/observation of the following (Spotting): 1 Study of flowers adapted to pollination by different agencies (wind, insect)
