Biology- Cellular Respiration notes, Lecture notes of Biology

Download Biology- Cellular Respiration notes and more Lecture notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration- It is the process by which food, in the form of sugar (glucose), is transformed into energy using oxygen within cells.  Also known as “the oxidation of glucose”  In eukaryotic cells, Mitochondria houses most of the metabolic equipment for cellular respiration.  The chemical formula for cellular respiration is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY(ATP)  Reactants: C6H12O6 + 6O2 (Glucose & Oxygen)  Products: 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY(ATP) (Carbon Dioxide & Water) The energy released by the cellular respiration or released by the oxidation of glucose is lost as heat energy and some of it is captured in the form of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate). Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - This is the energy currency of the cell. It provides the energy to drive endergonic reactions. Energy (Heat Energy) from the cellular respiration is stored by converting ADP into ATP. (ADP + P → ATP) Due to unstable phosphate bonds, when ATP loses a phosphate group, it releases small energy. (ATP → ADP + P + Energy) Endergonic – reactions that require energy or absorb energy in order to react. Example of endergonic reaction is the conversion of ADP to ATP. (ADP + P → ATP) Exergonic – reactions that releases energy. Example of exergonic reaction is the release of phosphate group in ATP. (ATP → ADP + P + Energy) The Cellular Respiration have 4 phases which include Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain & Oxidative Phosphorylation. The General Overview of Cellular Respiration Cytosol – also known as cytoplasmic matrix is the place where Glycolysis occur. Mitochondrial Matrix – it is where Pyruvate Oxidation and Krebs Cycle occur. Inner Membrane of Mitochondria – it is where Electron Transport Chain & Oxidative Phosphorylation occurs. Glycolysis - It occurs in the cytosol and begins the degradation by breaking glucose into two molecules of a compound called pyruvate. Simplified Diagram of Glycolysis Phosphorylation is the attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule or an ion. Substrate-level phosphorylation is a metabolism reaction that results in the production of ATP or GTP by the transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate directly to ADP or GDP. Transferring from a higher energy into a lower energy product. Example of SLP is the conversion of ADP to ATP in Glycolysis. Oxidation - Oxidation rate increases, loss of electrons, gain of oxygen, and loss of hydrogen. The example of oxidation reaction includes the glycolysis which because of oxygen gain. Reduction - Oxidation rate decreases, gain of electrons, loss of oxygen, and gain of hydrogen. The example of reduction is the conversion NAD+ to NADH where the oxidation rate decreases and it gained hydrogen molecule. Investment Phase – This is the steps 1 – 5 of glycolysis where we invest 2 ATP for glucose phosphorylation.