Biology Lab Appendicular Skeleton, Lab Reports of Biology

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PRE!LAB EXERCISES

When studying the skeletal system, the bones are often sorted into two broad categories: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. This lab focuses on the appendicular skeleton, which is formed from the pectoral and pelvic girdles and the upper and lower limbs. In addition to learning about all the bones of the appendicular skeleton, it is also important to identify some significant bone markings. Bone markings can have many shapes, including holes, round or sharp projections, and shallow or deep valleys, among others. These markings on the bones serve many purposes, including forming attachments to other bones or muscles and allowing passage of a blood vessel or nerve. It is helpful to understand the meanings of some of the more common bone marking terms. Before we get started, look up the definitions of these common bone marking terms: Canal: Condyle: Facet: Fissure: Foramen: (see Module 10.18 Foramina of Skull) Fossa: Margin: Process: Proximal: Trochanter: Tubercle: Tuberosity: Throughout this exercise, you will notice bold terms. This is meant to focus your attention on these important words. Make sure you pay attention to any bold words and know how to explain their definitions and/or where they are located. Use the following modules to guide your exploration of the appendicular skeleton. As you explore these bones in Visible Body’s app, also locate the bones and bone markings on any available charts, models, or specimens. You may also find it helpful to palpate bones on yourself or make drawings of the bones with the bone markings labeled. The drawings don’t have to be perfect; just make sure the different bone markings are in the correct locations, relative to each other. If you have trouble finding a bone or bone marking, you can always type its name into the search bar to get a list of 3D anatomical views where that bone or bone marking is highlighted for you. To access disarticulated bones with color-coded bone markings, select a bone, and then, in the content box, choose the landmark icon, which shows a bone with pink, yellow, and blue ends.

Supraspinatus muscle Infraspinatus muscle Deltoid muscle (posterior head) Clavicle Deltoid muscle (anterior head) Scapula Deltoid muscle (middle head)

1. Scapula Inferior angle Lateral border Neck Glenoid cavity Coracoid process Subscapular fossa Medial border Superior angle Suprascapular notch Supraspinous fossa Superior angle Medial border Acromion Neck Infraspinous fossa Lateral border Inferior angle Scapular spine

2. Clavicle a. Identify the following bone markings: i. Acromial end ii. Sternal end iii. Shaft iv. Conoid tubercle b. Describe how the clavicle curves and articulates with other bones. Acromial end Sternal end Shaft Conoid tubercle

The clavicle is a

long bone^ placed^ horizontally in^ front^ of the bottom of the neck &

connects the scapula with the sternum.^ The^ shaft^ of the clavicle is like the letter

f. The

a cranial end is

flat & forms the^ acromion^ clavi^ cellar^ joint. A facet lies at the anterior

border of the

lateral end to articulate^ with^ the^ acromion process of the

scapula

the acromioclavicular forming

joint.

B. Upper Limb In the Skeletal System Views, select View 1. Full Skeleton to identify the bones of the upper limb. The upper limb consists of the bones of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand. Zoom in on the arm and identify the following bones and bone markings, and then zoom out again to look at the full arm and observe how the individual bones fit together. Note how processes often fit into the fossae of the same name. Clavicle Scapula Bones of the hand Carpal bones (wrist) Humerus Radius Ulna

vii. Intertubercular groove viii. Radial groove ix. Deltoid tuberosity x. Trochlea xi. Capitulum xii. Coronoid fossa xiii. Olecranon fossa xiv. Medial epicondyle xv. Lateral epicondyle xvi. Radial fossa b. Describe the difference in position of the anatomical neck and the surgical neck. the anatomical^ neck (^) of (^) the numerous (^) is the (^) area between (^) the (^) tubercles and the head. humans^ ' The (^) surgical neck^ of the numerous (^) is the (^) area distal to (^) the

tubercles that is

narrowing.^ This^ site^ is^ common^ for^ fractures^ ,^ hence^ the^ name.

2. Radius a. Identify the following bone markings: i. Head ii. Neck iii. Shaft iv. Tubercle v. Styloid process vi. Ulnar notch Styloid process Shaft Ulnar notch Head Tubercle

b. How do the bones of the radius and ulna attach to each other? c. Describe how the radius and ulna attach to and rotate around the humerus when the elbow flexes. Ulna Humerus Radius

The ulna is^ located on the medial side^ of^ the^ forearm,^ and^ the^ radius is on^ the^ lateral

side . These bones are attached

by an^ interosseous^ membrane^.

There are joints around the three bones of the elbow

called (^) simple hinge joint that^ allows

for movements of flexion & extension

only

. (^) Movements (^) of (^) this joint are^ called^ pronation & (^) supination. these (^) are rotational (^) movements that occur when (^) the (^) distal end of (^) the

radius moves over

the distal^ end^ of the ulna

joint formed^ by^ rotating^ the^ radius^ in^ the^ pivot by the^ circular head (^) of (^) the radius

, the^ radial^

groove

ofthe^ ulna^. and the annular (^) ligament.

4. Carpus To see the carpals more clearly, hide some or all of the ligaments on the wrist after you zoom in. Scaphoid Trapezium Trapezoid Lunate Triquetral Hamate Capitate Carpus (Posterior)

5. Hand Note the nomenclature for the bones of the hand. The thumb is considered digit I, while the pinky finger is digit V. The metacarpals and phalanges are numbered accordingly. Distal phalanges Middle phalanges Proximal phalanges Metacarpals a. Identify the following hand bones: i. Metacarpals ii. Proximal phalanges iii. Middle phalanges iv. Distal phalanges b. List all the bones on your thumb from proximal to distal. Do the same for your pinky finger. What is the difference? Thumb Pinky

thumb (^) metacarpal small (^) metacarpal

proximal phalanx

middle (^) phalanx

distal phalanx small

phalanx thumb phalanges

The middle^

phalanges is absent^ in the thumb finger .

C. Pelvic Girdle In the Skeletal System Views, select View 11. Pelvic Girdle to identify the ilium, ischium, and pubis. Just like the pectoral girdle attaches the upper limbs to the skeleton, the pelvic girdle attaches the lower limbs to the skeleton. The pelvic girdle consists of the right and left hip bones and the sacrum that connects the hip bones on the posterior side. You may remember the sacrum from studying the axial skeleton, because it is part of the vertebral column. Each of the hip bones begins as three separate bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis. These bones eventually fuse together, but bone markings are still considered to belong to one of these three distinct regions. Observe the following bone markings on the ilium, ischium, and pubis, and then try to find the same bone markings on the entire hip bone. Hip bone Ilium Sacrum Pubis Ischium Pubic symphysis

2. Ischium a. Identify the following bone markings: i. Body ii. Ramus iii. Acetabulum iv. Lesser sciatic notch v. Ischial tuberosity vi. Ischial spine vii. Pubic arch viii. Obturator foramen (ischial surface) Acetabular rim Body Obturator foramen (ischial surface) Ramus Ischial spine Ischial tuberosity

3. Pubis a. Identify the following bone markings: i. Body ii. Acetabulum iii. Superior ramus iv. Inferior ramus v. Pubic arch vi. Pubic crest vii. Pubic tubercle viii. Obturator crest ix. Obturator foramen (pubis surface)
4. Where does the lower limb attach to the hip bone? Which part of the hip bone is this?
5. The male and female pelvises have a few differences due to childbearing adaptations. Observe the pelvises by selecting Tours: Pelvis Comparison and answer the following questions. Superior ramus Pubic arch Inferior ramus Pubic tubercle Pubic crest Obturator crest Body Iliopubic eminence Acetabular notch Obturator foramen, pubis surface Each (^) hip bone^ consists^ of an ilium (^) , an ischium (^) , and a (^) pubis '

, all^ of^ which^ in^ the^ adult

are fused at the acetabulum to form a

single bone^

. (^) The (^) hip bone connects the^ trunk to the (^) lower limb (^) by (^) extending from the (^) sacrum to the femur.