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BIOLOGY PROCTORED EXAM PENN FOSTER (2026) || MOST
RECENT EXAM 2026-2027 ACTUAL COMPLETE REAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
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Explain the effects human society has had on the worlds ecosystem: - ANSWER -Emerging Diseases: changes in human behavior and use of technology can result in new disease Extinction: Estimated we are loosing hundreds of species every year due to human activity Climate change: Changes in the normal cycles of the earths climate that may be attributed to human activity Greenhouse effect: Gases allow the suns ray to pass through, but they absorb and radiate heat back to Earth
Explain Darwin's theory of natural selection - ANSWER - Process by which organisms develop adaptations to their environment and is the mechanism that results in evolution over many generations
Explain Darwin's theory of evolution - ANSWER -Genetic change in a line of descent over time is responsible for the tremendous diversity of life forms on Earth
Explain Microevolution - ANSWER - Refers to the evolutionary changes within a population
What are causes of microevolution? - ANSWER -Mutations: cause genetic variations within a breeding population
Gene flow: occurs when alleles are exchanged between migrating populations of the same species
Random Mating: Occurs when males and females mate by chance according to the laws of probability and not by the selection of certain genotype or phenotype
Genetic Drift: the tendency of allele ratios to change simply by chance
Bottleneck effect: may occur when some kind of natural catastrophe greatly reduces the size of a species population
Founder effect: may occur when populations are separated to interbreed more
What is disruptive selection? - ANSWER - Occurs when 2 or more extreme phenotypes are favoured over intermediate types
What is sexual selection? - ANSWER -Adaptive changes in either sex that lead to an increase in the ability to attract and secure a mate
What is speciation? - ANSWER -the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.
What is allopatric speciation? - ANSWER -a physical barrier divides one population into two or more populations
What is peripatetic speciation? - ANSWER -When small groups of individuals break off from the larger group and form a new species
What is parapatric speciation? - ANSWER -A species is spread out over a large
geographic area. Individuals only mate with those in their own region. The species are separated by differences in the same environment
What is sympatric speciation? - ANSWER -Occurs when there are no physical barriers preventing any members of a species from mating with another and all members are in close proximity to one another
What is adaptive radiation? - ANSWER -Occurs when neighboring populations become separate species even though their territories overlap in a certain area
What is gradualistic equilibirum? - ANSWER -Is selection and variation that happens more gradually over a long time population changes -Change is slow, constant and consistent
What is punctuated equilibrium? - ANSWER -here is a period of very little change, and then one or a few huge changes occur. The species changes very rapidly over a few generations, then settles down again to a period of little change
- New species appear suddenly and then remain largely unchanged until they go extinct
How does bacteria reproduce? - ANSWER -may reproduce by 3 means of genetic recombination:: Conjugation: occurs in closely related species, DNA is passed from a donor cell to a recipient cell through tiny tubes Transformation: Fragments of DNA are picked up from surrounding living or dead bacteria transduction: Baceriophaes carry portions of bacterial DNA from one cell to another
Discuss protists - ANSWER -Include all the eukaryuotic unicellular organisms that may resemble either animals or plants 3 groups: Algae: plantlike protists which are generally photosynthetic Protozoans: Categorized by types of locomtion they employ slime and water molds: feed on dead plant matter and assist with the cycling of nutrients
Define the types of locomotion - ANSWER -Ciliates: hairlike cilia for swimming about to capture food Amoeboids: use false feet for moving around and capturing prey Radiolarians: marine amoeboids that form calcium carbonate shells Zooflagellates: move about by means of long slender extensions called flagella Sporzoans: Aren't mobile or capable of self propulsion
What are nonvacular plants? - ANSWER - Plants that are well adapted for growth in moist habitats
- Have no vascular tissues, instead they have threadlike structures for absorbing water and solutes
What are seedless vascular plants? - ANSWER -Plants that contain vacular tissue but do not produce flowers or seeds
What are seed-bearing vacular plants? - ANSWER -They produce seeds that encase their embryonic sporophyte inside a protective coat
What is pollination? - ANSWER -male gametophyte pollen grain lands on a female gametophjyte and they form a pollen tube that carries a sperm cell to fertilize an egg within an ovule
What are angiosperms? - ANSWER -Flowering plants in which the seed in enclosed within a fruit wall
when he embryo first forms and a blastoplore becomes the anus
- Second opening (deutero, second)
- Ex: echinoderms, chordates
Describe the evolution of chrodates: - ANSWER -The earliest chordates were all marine animals. As chordates continued to evolve, they spread to freshwater habitats and to land. The amphibians represent an intermediate phase in the water to the land transition of chordates. The evolution of birds further increases the disturbed of chordates by expanding their populations into sky habitats.
Explain the imporatint classifications of primates: - ANSWER - Prosimians- lemurs and tarsiers Anthropoids- monkeys, apes and humans Hominids- apes, chimpanzees and humans Hominins- humans
Explain the innovations that lead to the evolution of hominins - ANSWER - Bipedal: had a small brain but walked upright on 2 legs Tool Use Is certain to have made tools and may have been the first to exhibit culture Increased brain size: Double the brain size and may have been the first to control fire and use more complex tools
What is the epidermis? - ANSWER - Outside of a plant that is made up of a single layer of cells
- Cells exposed to air are covered with a waxy cuticle which restricts water loss
What is ground tissue? - ANSWER -Make up the bulk of the plant body- includes 3 types of simple tissue: Parenchyma cells: have thin walls and are active in photosynthesis and storage Collenchyma cells: provide support for primary tissues Sclerenchyma cells: Fibrous cells that give stalks their gravity- resisting strength
What is vascular tissue? - ANSWER -Composed of 2 types of tissues Xylem: conducts water and dissolved minerals through the plant body Phloem: Conducts sugars and other solutes throughout the plant
Explain how water is transported through plants - ANSWER - Cohesion-tension model: Water and minerals in solute are taken up in root hairs and then transported upward in xylem
of anthers on a long stalk called a filament Anthers contain pollen sacs Haploid spores form in the anthers and give rise to the male gametophyes, which are pollen grains
Explain the female reproductive parts of a plant - ANSWER -Carples Composed of a stigma, a style and an ovary where an egg develops
Discuss how plants reproduce - ANSWER -Most plants reproduce sexually by alternating the production of sporophytes, the spore-producing bodies, with the production of gametophytes-gamete producing bodies
- as flowers form they differentiate into nonfertible parts, the sepals and petals and fertile parts, the stamens and carpels
What do roots do? - ANSWER -Specialized structures for the absorption of minerals and water from the soil
What do stems do? - ANSWER -Support and anchor the aboveground portion
of the plant, and carry water and food from place to place within the plant
What do leaves do? - ANSWER -Manafacture food for plant growth and repair
What do stamens do? - ANSWER -Contains the pollen which insects and birds are attracted to
What is the process of homeostasis? - ANSWER -Refers to stability, balance and equilibrium
- Is the bodies attempt to maintain a constant and balanced internal environment
- Maintaining a constant internal environment with everything that the cells need to survive is necessary for the well-being of individual cells and the well-being of the entire body
Explain the importance of neurons - ANSWER -Fundamental unit of the nervous system. Purpose is to receive incoming information, send a signal to other neurons, muscles or glands. They are designed to rapidly send signals across long distances. They do this using electrical signals called nerve impulse. When a nerve impulse reaches the end of a neuron, it triggers the release of a chemical or neurotransmitter. The neurotransmitter travels across the short gab
- under voluntary control by the nervous system
What do cardiac muscles do? - ANSWER -Allows for contraction and relaxation of heart tissue
- provides flow of blood throughout the body
What do smooth muscles do? - ANSWER -Present in the walls of the stomach, bladder, lungs, and other organs
- Responsible for gut motility, bladder emptying and other organ functions
What does the circulatory system do? - ANSWER - Delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells and removes carbon dioxide and waste materials
What is a closed circulatory system? - ANSWER -Blood in the system flows within a complex network of vessels that are all connected to each other. The blood is pumped by the heart through the body in a continuous circuit of different types of vessels
What is an open circulatory system? - ANSWER -Instead of a heart, blood vessels join directly with open sinuses. Hemolymph is formed from the blood vessels into large sinuses, where it bathes the internal organs. Other vessels receive blood forced from these sinuses and conduct it back to the pumping vessels
What are characteristics of blood? - ANSWER -- transports oxygen and nutrients to all the cells in the body
- carries away metabolic wastes and secretes them
- transports cells that fight infections and remove debris from tissues - stabilizes body temperature by moving excess heat from the muscles to the skin for dissipation
- composed of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets called formed elements and plasma
What are red blood cells? - ANSWER -Transports oxygen from aerobic respiration and carry away some of the carbon dioxide wastes
What are white blood cells? - ANSWER -Help fight infections
What are lymphocytes? - ANSWER -Type of WBC that attack foreign matter
contains protons (positively charged) and neutrons (no charge). The outermost region is called an electron shell that contain the electrons (negatively charged)
What is an ionic bond? - ANSWER -A chemical bond that's formed when an atom transfers and electron to another Atom
What is a covalent bond? - ANSWER -Results when 2 atoms share electrons in order to have a completed outer shell What is a double covalent bond? - ANSWER -Occurs when 2 atoms share 2 pairs of electroms
In order to be an organic molecule it must contain what? - ANSWER -Carbon and hydrogen
What are the main groups of organic molecules that build cells and their parts? - ANSWER -Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acid
What are the properties of water? - ANSWER -Its attraction to polar molecules. High-specific heat. High heat of vaporization. The lower density of ice. High polarity.
Carbohydrates - ANSWER -Broken down to glucose to provide energy.
What are the different kinds of carbs? - ANSWER -Glucose= monosaccharide that serves as blood sugar Sucrose= disaccharide which is table sugar Polysaccharides= include starch, which stores energy in plants Glycogen= stores energy in animals Cellulose= makes up the structure of plant cell walls
Protein - ANSWER -macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair
