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Science Trilogy Revision: Biodiversity, Food Security & Genetics, Lecture notes of Biology

University of ReadingBiology

Key information for students preparing for exams in Combined Science Trilogy. Topics covered include the process of bacterial reproduction and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, the concept of an ecosystem and its importance for biodiversity, food security and sustainable methods, and genetic modification of crops. Students will find information on the carbon cycle, water cycle, decay of materials, and the importance of maintaining biodiversity through various means.

Typology: Lecture notes

2021/2022

Uploaded on 09/12/2022

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F&H
Year 11 AP1 Combined Science: Biology Revision Pack
Name:______________________________________________ Class:____________
From Year 9 onwards, your science assessments will be cumulative.
This means that you will be tested on everything you have studied in science since Y8 Chemistry.
At Y11 mocks you will sit 6 x 75 minute papers in Biology, Chemistry and Physics (paper 1 and 2 in
each science). This is to mimic the way that you will be assessed at GCSE.
Your revision booklets will cover specification points, content as well as opportunities to practice
scientific skills. This revision pack will only cover content taught since year 11 AP1.
A revision pack covering all paper 1 and paper 2 content is available on google classroom. This
will not be set as homework alongside this revision pack however if you do choose to use it (which
is highly recommended) your teachers will be happy to support you with any sections you may
struggle with.
Online Resources:
• https://senecalearning.com/
• https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/examspecs/z8r997h
Revision Guide: Please use your CGP revision guides to help you complete this pack.
Deadlines:
AQA
Topic
code
Topic Name
Pages in
revision
pack
Due date
Revision
pack
completed
Independent
revision
completed
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd
pfe
pff

Partial preview of the text

Download Science Trilogy Revision: Biodiversity, Food Security & Genetics and more Lecture notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

F&H

Year 11 AP1 Combined Science: Biology Revision Pack

Name:______________________________________________ Class:____________

From Year 9 onwards, your science assessments will be cumulative.

This means that you will be tested on everything you have studied in science since Y8 Chemistry.

At Y11 mocks you will sit 6 x 75 minute papers in Biology, Chemistry and Physics (paper 1 and 2 in

each science). This is to mimic the way that you will be assessed at GCSE.

Your revision booklets will cover specification points, content as well as opportunities to practice

scientific skills. This revision pack will only cover content taught since year 11 AP1.

A revision pack covering all paper 1 and paper 2 content is available on google classroom. This

will not be set as homework alongside this revision pack however if you do choose to use it (which

is highly recommended) your teachers will be happy to support you with any sections you may

struggle with.

Online Resources:

  • https://senecalearning.com/
  • https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/examspecs/z8r997h

Revision Guide: Please use your CGP revision guides to help you complete this pack.

Deadlines:

AQA

Topic

code

Topic Name Pages in

revision

pack

Due date Revision

pack

completed

Independent

revision

completed

Genetics and evolution Book Ref. Spec. Ref. Resistant bacteria 4.6.3.7 Key information:

  • Bacteria can evolve rapidly because they reproduce at a fast rate.
  • Mutations of bacteria can produce new strains which might be resistant to antibiotics.
  • The development of new antibiotics is costly and slow. It is unlikely to keep up with the emergence of new resistant strains.
  1. State what is meant by the term ‘mutation’.
  2. Identify the process by which bacteria reproduce. Explain why the offspring are genetically identical to the parent cell.
  3. Describe how the improper use of antibiotics gives rise to resistant strains of bacteria.
  4. Explain why the evolution of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria can happen rapidly.
  5. Outline how the rate of development of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria is reduced.
  6. Explain why the development of new antibiotics is unlikely to keep up with the emergence of new resistant strains. Prove It!
  1. What is meant by the term ‘stable community’? MS 4a (3) Prove It! Interdependence Book Ref. Spec. Ref. How materials are cycled 4.7.2.2 Key information:
  • The carbon cycle returns carbon from organisms to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide to be used by plants in photosynthesis.
  • The water cycle provides fresh water for plants and animals on land before draining into the seas. Water is continuously evaporated and precipitated.
  • Microorganisms cycle materials through an ecosystem through the process of decay. As the microorganisms respire, they release the carbon trapped in materials as carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. At the same time, mineral ions are released to the soil.
  1. Give an example of a material that is cycled through an ecosystem.
  2. Name the process plants carry out which converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds (glucose). Outline three uses of this glucose in plants.
  3. Name the process carried out by animals and plants that releases carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere.
  4. Describe the role of micro-organisms in the cycling of nutrients. Prove It! (6)

Interdependence 4.7.5. Key information:

  • Food security is having enough food to feed a population
  • Many biological factors are threatening food security, so sustainable methods must be found to feed all people on Earth.
  1. Identify three factors that are threatening food security:
  2. Describe one example of how environmental change can cause widespread famine.
  3. Describe why changing diets, such as increased consumption of avocados and quinoa in the developed world, are threatening food security in developing countries.
  4. Suggest two sustainable methods that could be used to feed all people on Earth. Prove It!

Interdependence 4.7.5. WS

Key information:

  • The efficiency of food production can be improved by restricting energy transfer from food animals to the environment. This can be done by limiting their movement and by controlling the temperature of their surroundings. Some animals are fed high protein foods to increase growth.
  • Some people have ethical objections to some modern intensive farming methods.
  1. Identify three ways in which the efficiency of food production can be increased.
  2. Suggest why some people have ethical objections to modern intensive farming methods.
  3. Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of keeping cows inside in warm barns. Prove It!

WS

Interdependence 4.7.5.4 Key information:

  • Genetic modification of crops is one solution to meet the demands of the growing human population. This is used to produce more food or food with an improved nutritional value (golden rice).
  • The fungus Fusarium is useful for producing mycoprotein, a protein-rich food suitable for vegetarians. The fungus is grown on glucose syrup, in aerobic conditions, and the biomass is harvested and purified.

The diagram shows a vessel where mycoprotein is produced.

  1. Explain why air and glucose syrup are added to the vessel.
  2. Explain why the vessel is kept cool.
  3. Describe what has to happen to the biomass product once it leaves the outlet.
  4. Describe the process of genetic modification of crops.
  5. Describe the role of bacteria in the production of human insulin. Prove It! Interdependence 4.7.5. Key information:
  • Genetically modified bacteria produce human insulin. When harvested and purified this is used to treat people with diabetes.

Interdependence Book Ref. Spec. Ref. Waste management 4.7.3.2 Key information:

  • Rapid growth in the human population and an increase in the standard of living mean that increasingly more resources are used and more waste is produced.
  • Pollution kills plants and animals which can reduce biodiversity.
  • Water pollution can occur from sewage, fertiliser or toxic chemicals.
  • Air pollution can occur from smoke and acidic gases.
  • Land pollution can occur from landfill and from toxic chemicals.
  1. Describe why pollution can result in a loss of biodiversity.
  2. Name two human activities which result in air pollution.
  3. Sewage reduces the concentration of oxygen in water. Explain why this results in a loss of biodiversity.
  4. Suggest how we can reduce the amount of land pollution.
  5. Explain why waste management is becoming more important. Prove It!

Interdependence Book Ref. Spec. Ref. Land use 4.7.3.3 Key information:

  • Humans reduce the amount of land available for other animals and plants by building, quarrying, farming and dumping waste.
  • Peat bogs are wetland areas made up of partially decomposing material. Peat is used as garden compost because it contains a high concentration of mineral ions. The destruction of peat bogs results in a loss of biodiversity.
  • The decay or burning of peat releases carbon dioxide into the environment. WS 1.4,
  2. Identify four ways in which humans reduce the amount of land available for other animals and plants.
  3. Explain why farmers often use peat as a fertiliser.
  4. Describe why the burning of peat contributes to global warming.
  5. Evaluate (consider the reasons for and against) the use of peat as a fertiliser for growing crops. Maths skills WS

Interdependence Book Ref. Spec. Ref. Global warming 4.7.3. WS

Key information:

  • Global warming is the observed increase in the average surface temperature due to the effect of greenhouse gases. Increasing levels of the two main greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide and methane, are contributing to global warming.
  • Scientific publications are always peer-reviewed. Scientists review each other’s work regularly in order to understand more about global warming and climate change. During this process, scientists try and repeat each other’s work in order to check its validity and give each other feedback.
  1. Describe, using examples, the consequences of global warming for biodiversity.
  2. Give three reasons why the levels of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere are increasing.
  3. Describe the process of peer-review. Explain why it is important. Prove It! WS

Interdependence Book Ref. Spec. Ref. Maintaining biodiversity 4.7.3.6 Key information:

  • Scientists and concerned citizens have put in place programmes to reduce the negative effects of humans on ecosystems and biodiversity. These include breeding programmes for endangered species, protection and regeneration of rare habitats, re-introduction of hedgerows in agricultural areas where farmers grow only one type of crop, reduction of deforestation and carbon dioxide emissions and recycling initiatives.
  1. Explain why breeding programmes are important for maintaining biodiversity.
  2. Suggest why rare habitats are protected. Describe the effect of this on global biodiversity.
  3. Explain why hedgerows between fields are important for maintaining biodiversity.
  4. Give three examples of materials which can be recycled. Outline two environmental benefits of recycling. Prove It! WS

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