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biomolecules lecture notes, Study notes of Biology

Biology

All cells,tissue and organs are composed of chemicals, i.e.,elements and compounds. All molecules or chemical functional in living organisms are known a biomolecules.

Typology: Study notes

2023/2024

Available from 05/15/2025

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sweta-jaiswar-1 🇮🇳

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bg1
Tissue
RNALYSIS
’
liveh
(Rot)
bio
ma
ctomoleule
J also
khown
polyes
polysTCCAaniduy
BomoLCULES
Vdd
snsolublea
Reten
tate
t
+
Nu
elelc
acid.
contaíning
CompQunds
in
a
Wley
Iichloo
Qce
he
acud.
(helps
in
lysis
oß
cee)
si2e
loo
calta
(Date)
winargani.
elehents
atso
bound
LIPIDS
’ 800 Dalton.
(Smatler).
Bot
stil
ther
are
found
4Muslin
loth.
living
Sys
kem
;
filHerate/
tuid
oluble
pool.
v
bio
micromoleculeg..
also
Rhowh
Mon
mers
eg’
moAISOCChardes
’
amtne.
aads
+Nuclotid
Bcx
they
foxms
NesICLEr
are not
sorekly
Bionaco
molewles
t
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd
pfe
pff
pf12
pf13
pf14
pf15
pf16
pf17
pf18
pf19

Partial preview of the text

Download biomolecules lecture notes and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

Tissue

RNALYSIS

’

liveh

(Rot)

bio

ma

ctomoleule J also

khown

polyes

polysTCCAaniduy

BomoLCULES

Vdd

snsolublea

Reten

tate

t

Nu

elelc

acid.

contaíning

CompQunds

in

a

Wley

Iichloo

Qce

he

acud.

(helps

in

lysis

oß

cee)

si2e

loo

calta

(Date)

winargani.

elehents atso

bound

LIPIDS

’

800

Dalton.

(Smatler).

Bot

stil

ther

are

found

4Muslin

loth.

living

Sys

kem

filHerate/

(^) tuid

oluble

pool.

v

bio

micromoleculeg..

also

Rhowh

Mon

mers

eg’

moAISOCChardes

’

amtne.

aads

+Nuclotid

Bcx

they

foxms

NesICLEr

are not

sorekly

Bionaco

molewles

t

S

fies B.

h

Aiver

Cwet

(^) weipht)

evaporation.

liver

(dy

wpt)

Buny

CO,T

Ashes

leht

înoganic element

Water Vapour

body

Earth

Crust

elament

achiih

is

lound

in

extra

cellular

fluid

Nat

elimen

tsauntfc

oio

intra

callu

Jar

fwd.

(Date)

(Pege

99

most

abunolant

in

homan

harAnion

ent

in

cCC

ICh

4

Compawnd

which

is

most

abundat

In

human

body

H

+CEL

CAL

&

17Z

CoMPOSITION water

70

-90o

srbottes

3to

Nudeie

atd

s-%

(foms

Gene

tie

maternal)

Desorvo,

1.CARBOHYDRATAs

Hhydratex

o

a

Carbon)

Aldehydic

’-CH

PehlingBenedics/

so/»

Carborn' C-

positn.

Retonic -l=

(4vè

Carbon

S

Test

’

Solutfon

fehing

esk

posith.

Introduction

CntanOn

yeneral

focmue

Bened'tt test

Polyu

(Date;

Page:

Jodine

Tot

Test

tve

Onty

wtben

arbo hydate

have

Bluu-BlacR

Colour

change

fu

fundional

ap

Inweosfrea

s1R

Atot

free

Test

Tpes

of

Carbohydratu

Monosaccharide

3-

Canben

-43c-

aioses

ye

Ery

throses

’sc

and ’6c lost

pen

toses

henoser

-CHO

Al

gives

tehling)

Benedict

Test

lorbo

Carbon

(a)

MoNOSACCH RIDE

CntnOn

ttte

Oligosacharide

w'few

sugass

o-C-H

t-tyceratdehydet

3.C

Suga

TRIOSES

++e

-ve

fehbing

/

monosaccharde

+aynitssDisacchard.

Gmaltase,

lactose

Sucrose.

+3units’Ti

saccharide

+4unis+Tetta

sacchande

CHO

Date:

CHoh

D

Gly

cenaldehyd

(Page:)

Sueet.

Poly

sacchaide

v

mony

SVgai!

vMol

ugt-Yibooo

d

v mose

than

10

inits

of

monoSa

coh

fve

test

wTodne

Test

Dihycre4aLeton

D-GlucOAC

-Glucose/

bloocd

/Grape/ Corn/

Universal

Sugar

ho

D-Ga

lacose.

Hexoses

-h

h

h

hò

Datey

n

(Pag

Toan s-

Galectos^

e

(Brain

Sgarl

Epime

o}

Qlucege

at

d-D-

qlu

copyrorer

6

C'sB

4poith

a-p-Glactac

ta.

pyrancse

p-D-

alaco

pyanoße

Mannose

Cepines

of

Çlucose

at

posit

^

H C=

CH0H

D-

manho8e

OLICOSA

CCH RIDES.

CHa0h

()actose

lactose

Clalactoe

t

Glucoze)

n-C-0h

Mik

Sygat

saie

linkeg

B-

D-Galactop

y

ranoze

d-D-

mannopyro

B-

b=0D.qlucobyyanoke

Mo--H

a-

D-

Glucapyranpse

POLYSACCHARID8s.

Nop

uducing

-’ tnonosacchorde.

found

in

Ketertee

h

(Date)

B-

D-frucopyrano

’

Chemically

2

snatically

tna

cHue

helps

in

Sorag

Sucture.

Page:

No

dre

Tegt. funct:

Aiemog

y

cars

lempolystacchanid

(c)

Jnvn.

r

SIRUCTURE’

(O)

Cellolose

(b)

Chitin

AMYLOSE

mon

Sac.

STARCH

-+S

tored

im

Aonylaplast

oh

S

tarch

’

halical sthuctuse

foMEd

o!

200

-/

onifs

o

glucee

d-l,

4qlycosidic

Bond.

3odine

fts

into

hettero

strve

blue-

black

Date)

Pagc:

Hetuoglycary

Heteropoly

sacchuid.

mon

sac

(b

Peptidegly

can

(Q

Hyaluxont

aid

AMY

LOPECTIN

starch.

’ 80-8SY,

’H

insolo

be.

’2ov-

(^) 2,0,

on

Units

Homopoy

soccharide

’helli

Cel

t

Bran

çh

ed

’ iresr

Li»

Mage

-a-,

tostd

ves

+ve

T,

Test

’

Redde

(a

Celluloze

Mat

abonduut

Cabo

hydute

a

Biosphere

AoaC:w

os

plants

Algace

Strocture

Homopobys.

Bqbccse

kinkag

’

B-

glycosidie

Shape

ineaS+

nbranhed

TR

test

fve

lacRs

hettces

Cotbn

Eilore

MAx

celubse.

’

Humans

Cannot

No

Enyae

Peptidogycan

tpregent

n

acterisl

Ch.

NAM

Glycosidfe

Bond

Most

abundant

arbohyd

-rate

in

Animal

world.

canno

nold

T.

t

Heteropolysacc

haride

e

NAQ

(Date:)

Cín

NAM

Ch

o

tongi

exoskelelan

O

arthrOpads

Homo

polys.

ok

NAG
CN-A

cetylqlvcos

min)

’

B-l

qlycosidic

line

Uhbbranchd

v

Page:)

N-Ace

fylglucosamine

Nacetylmura

mic

a

lysoye

Cauti

arteri)

Salive.

filHterste Substi

tuted

methanes

R

Nel

charge-

fve)

Sol

p -

Aeidic

foncgh:

AA

gerouiov

Rasic

in

Cnethau)

haueamno Ali'cal

poropvrt

H,N-Cco0H

Nn--(oon

H;w'-c

wil

H

N-C-co0y

Exceptoqlyciaep

No

chiral

Caxbon.

opticaly

n cochive

R

charg

ZNIITER

IONBIPOLARDIAPOLAR

He Ne-C

Isoelechii

(^) pdint

(P(

The

Ph

at

whih

Qa

has

both

t

so

net

charge.

XERO.

Every

aa

has

diff.

(Date:)

(Vage

affeceut

pn

chenitslty

physiely

AIRAL

CHRSON

J

H

atwe

Basic

t

Most

abundont

Rotein

in

Siosphere

KuBis

C

Aintmal

Aold-

kollagen,

bulding

blocks

o

body.

(

Primary

Struclws

Peotein

Classificatn

of

Potein

on

the

bTsis

o

hei

Slctre.

Amino

End

last

AA

AA

in

t

LineaA

choin

(P)

chain.

kast

Ar’

Phenylalanine

fiast

AA

’

Valine

4

(Dote)

(ag

2e

terminal.

Car

boxyl

end

Joined

through.

pep

tide

Bond'.

optcally

inachive

GlyAine

Neptt

al

AA

Gly&ine

  • a

line.

t

ferminsl,

N

SecendoLy

Stuclee

d

helix

helfcally

ranged

Intre

po

lypeptide

H

bonding

claws

T<rtiaxy. Structore

-AL

o

Active

sites

(6)

Eg

d-

Heratin

in

nails|

’

gntee

po

ypptide

H-

bondiy

Eg’ fibroin

Sobstrate

linda,

a

polypepides

Mydrogun

bom

Bplano

Bonds

Pepide

bonds.

9

Disulphide

bonda.

Van

der

Wol

forces

(Date)

5nk

loonds

Hydrophobic

bonds

t

Si0k

’necessar

for

most

stabe

stroc.

C

bieloeal

activite

&y+

(^) Myoqlobîn

ouol

colourpiqme

in

mUS

les.

nb

stores

to queKy

supph

O

to

tuusc

eie

(structural

protein

Tntroduction

Conthactile

photein

Myosin,

actin.

they

are

1I

IPIDS

found

n

Relin

tate

Molo

Wgt(oo

Dal

to

ns

)

ther

Qre

not

strekly

bionacromole

cules.

they

ase

not

polymens.

Collagen,

Keatio

(A)fATTY

ACIDS

estess

ok

fa

tty

atid

2

Alcoho.

fonmation

oh

Lipid

ipogenesi

break

down

o

lipid

lipo

ais

Aosolobe

in

H0.

SATURA7ED

FA

(Dat

faction.

Solauble

in

Ongank

Solvents

/mn-polay

uagnt

AiRe

ethes,

ben~en,

ch

loro-form

etc.

’single

bond

6lw

Carbons

(a)

Ste

aric

acid_

C8)

CMa-(CMR-c00r.

UNSATURATED

FA.

’

C= hy

kuve

doube

boad

Room

Temp

iquid.

(3)

Arac

hidic

acid

(90)

(H3-

(CM-

Coo

shovld

taten

oET)

Sinpl

ipida

Thue-fats

Waxes

Jn.

CLASSIAICATION

Of

LIPIDS

()

TRU£

fAzS

MUFA

-t

only

on

(^) e

(Mono

Un

satorated(bly

Unsaty

fatty

ac

(^) td

Cq

Qlek

acid

Phostholilips

Essenthial

fatty

Aaas

Canjygt

Aijpida.

CH

CCHa)y-CO

H)

CHp

-d

CPalmitic

avd)

(Date)

CH

(^) ~QM

qlycerat.

bond

PUFA

many

lbond

bogd)

Arachidonk

T4=bond)

Derived

lipd.

Cholestro

l

CHg-C-

-(C)

Noroglyterat