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Unit 2: Module 1 Which organisms are classified as prokaryotes? Fungi and algae @ Bacteria and archaea Archaea and fungi Bacteria and fungi Bacteria and helminths What are the cellular structures found in prokaryotes? Select all that apply. Nucleus Ribosomes Glycocalyx Lysosomes Fimbriae Archaea can live in which environments? Select all that apply. B4 Low pH | Extreme salinity High pressure High temperatures Match each prokaryote with its shape. (— f Ps >) f @@ a ( rye Curved Coccus Bacillus ae Ve < Match each external bacterial cell structure with its function. Cell Structure Cell Function Flagella Locomotion Fimbriae Attachment to surfaces Pili Transfer of genetic material Capsule Protection from the immune system Which of these pairs is mismatched? @ Membrane - DNA synthesis Plasma membrane — transport Cell wall — protection Capsule — protection Pili — reproduction Which group of microorganisms is known for producing methane gas as a metabolic byproduct? Acidophilic fungi Sulfate-reducing bacteria @ Methanogens Phototropic bacteria Nitrogen-fixing bacteria A new microorganism has been discovered. How has it been identified as bacteria? Select all that apply. It has a cell membrane. It has capsules. It has mitochondria. It has no nucleus. It has cell walls. Match each pathogenic component of bacteria with its corresponding description. Endospores _ Highly resistant structures formed by some bacteria as a survival mechanism Endotoxin Located in the outer cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and can cause septic shock Mycolic acid Found in the cell envelope of acid-fast bacteria and prevents drying out Capsule A protective layer that helps bacteria evade immune detection Which characteristics differentiate Gram-negative from Gram-positive bacteria? Select all that apply. Higher pathogenicity due to endotoxins Presence of linopolysaccharide in the cell envelope Thin peptidoglycan layer Retains crystal violet in Gram staining Match each term to its description. Lives at lower temperatures @=—O Methane-producing | t / ethane-producing larges || Methanogen group Lives at high salt concentrations, like the Dead o—. Halophile Sea Grows in extreme hot conditions Qen® | Hyperthermophile Which is not a stage of mitosis? Metaphase Anaphase Prophase Telophase @ Bacteriophage During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell? Metaphase @ Anaphase Prophase Telophase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase | Telophase | | Cytokinesis Reproduction in Eukaryotic Organisms fungal colonies upon finding a favorable growth environment. Reproduction Method Description Example Schizogony The cell undergoes multiple rounds of nuclear division Protozoa followed by one round of cytokinesis. As a result, multiple new cells rather than just two are created. Budding A small projection or a bud emerges from a parent cell. Yeast Buds grow larger and may separate or remain attached to the parent cell. Spore formation After the spores are generated by mitosis, they disperse — Multicellular into the environment and germinate to produce new fungi What term best describes fungi in terms of their nutritional mode? Phototroph @ Heterotroph Mixotroph Autotroph Which body types can helminths be grouped into? Select all that apply. Flat Irregular Round Asymmetrical Spherical What is the primary method of asexual reproduction in yeast cells? Conjugation Fragmentation Meiosis @ Budding Binary fission Match each phase of mitosis with its description. ¢ During |metaphase ~|, chromosomes line up at the cell’s equator. * During janaphase v|, chromosomes are pulled apart toward opposite poles. ¢ During jtelophase ~|, the nuclear envelope begins to reform. * During |prophase +}, chromosomes condense and the spindle fiber apparatus forms. How do cilia contribute to locomotion in protozoans? By functioning as a protective shell By aiding in gas exchange By acting as adhesive organs By serving as sensory structures (v) By generating coordinated, rapid, and rhythmic movements vector for Plasmodium species The Anopheles mosquito serves as the that cause malaria. Which statement accurately describes the role of the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell? @ The nucleus stores genetic information in the form of DNA. The nucleus digests cellular waste materials. The nucleus is the site of photosynthesis. The nucleus is involved in the synthesis of proteins. The nucleus is responsible for producing energy through cellular respiration. What is the main role of mechanical vectors in disease transmission? Transmitting diseases through bites or stings Serving as reservoirs for disease-causing microorganisms Producing toxins that cause illness (v} Physically transporting pathogens to hosts What are the protein structures found on the surface of many viruses that play a key role in attachment to host cells? @ Spikes Fimbriae Enzymes Flagella Cilia Which group of viruses is characterized by carrying the gene for the enzyme reverse transcriptase, allowing them to convert RNA to DNA within host cells? @ Retroviruses Viroids Prions All RNA viruses Enzymes dissolve the envelope and the capsid -——2 releasing the nucleic acid. Uncoating Enveloped viruses are liberated by budding or exocytosis. The viral particle is endocytosed. Upon encountering a susceptible host, the virus binds to the cell membrane. The viral nucleic acid takes control over the host’s synthetic and metabolic machinery. Qa=n@® | Synthesis Virus particles are assembled :| Assembly from the pool of parts. What type of virus possesses a lipid membrane surrounding its protein coat? (The lipid membrane is derived from the host cell’s membrane.) Prion Bacteriophage Satellite virus @ Enveloped virus Naked virus What are the two primary configurations of nucleic acid found in viral genomes? Codons and anticodons Nucleotides and amino acids Ribonucleotides and DNA @ Double-stranded or single-stranded Cytosine and guanine The lysogenic cycle is utilized by viruses that infect which of the following? Protozoa Helminths Fungi @ Bacteria What term best describes a virus that has integrated its genome into the DNA of the host cell? Bacteriophage Replicative virus Active virus @ Provirus Virulent virus Which virus establishes latent infections in nerve cells, leading to recurrent outbreaks of oral and genital lesions? @ Herpes simplex virus Hepatitis A Hepatitis B HIV-1 and HIV-2 
