BIOS 242 Week 7 Assignment; Pathogens Chart-Micro Note, Assignments of Biology

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Week: 7 BIOS Assignment

Pathogens Chart-Micro Note

Grace C. Clay

Chamberlain University

Instructor: Heidi Coia Date:

April 17, 2024

Streptococcal Respiratory Diseases: Pharyngitis

Pathogen's name : Streptococcus pyogenes Distinctive characteristics : gram positive streptococcus (coccus in chains), facultative anaerobe Type of pathogen : Bacterial Body system affected : Pharynx (upper respiratory) Virulence factors: Capsule and slime layer, surface antigens of S.pyogenes mimics host proteins Signs and symptoms : tonsils are red and swollen with visible white patches/pus on the back of the throat causing a foul breath. Pathogenesis and epidemiology : transmission of droplets by inhalation when someone coughs Treatment and prevention : Antibiotics; penicillin and cephalexin. Prevention: good hygiene practices. Extra notes : diagnosis and culture by beta-hemolytic on blood agar, sensitive to bacitracin, and rapid antigen tests.

Tuberculosis

Pathogen's name : Mycobacterium tuberculosis Distinctive characteristics : Long thin acid-fast rod, strictly aerobe Type of pathogen : Bacterial Body system affected : Respiratory. Virulence factors : Mycolic acid and waxes (makes organisms resistant to drying and disinfectants) Signs and symptoms : cough lasting 3 weeks or longer, coughing up blood/sputum, chest pain when breathing or coughing.

Pathogen's name : Helicobacter pylori Distinctive characteristics : patient will experience excruciating burning stomach pain due to inner lining of mucosal layer being burned by gastric acid secretion like hydrochloric acid or pepsin. Type of pathogen : Bacterial Body system affected : Digestive (stomach/uppermost portion of small intestine). Virulence factors : urease (catalyze the hydrolysis of urea that forms ammonia and CO2), adhesins (appendages of bacteria), chemotaxis system, flagella. Signs and symptoms : burning stomach pain, bloating, heartburn, nausea, dark stools. Pathogenesis and epidemiology : long term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and other medications like ibuprofen (Advil) and naproxen sodium (Aleve). Treatment and prevention: Antibiotics; tetracycline and metronidazole. Extra notes: H. Pylori causes inflammation of the stomach (gastritis) which causes peptic ulcers. H. pylori causes too much hydrochloric acid to be produced that results in lesions/holes in the mucosa which we term peptic ulcers. The misconception is that peptic ulcers are not caused by stress and spicy foods.

Gastroenteritis – E. coli (both 0157 and traveler’s diarrhea) Escherichia Coli

Pathogen's name : E. coli

Distinctive characteristics : mesophilic gram (-) bacillus bacteria that has fimbriae, cell wall containing LPS. Type of pathogen: Bacterial Body system affected: Digestive (lining of small intestine) Virulence factors : Shiga toxin produced by Shigella.

Signs and symptoms : Mild diarrhea and gastroenteritis, fever, bloody diarrhea Pathogenesis and epidemiology : eating contaminated food (raw undercooked meat) contaminated w/ the bacteria causes Shiga toxin to be produced. Shiga toxins inhibit protein synthesis within target cells. Treatment and prevention : No treatment, at home care including lots of rest and fluids. Extra notes: E. coli 0157 causes hemolytic syndrome which is when small blood vessels in kidneys become damaged and inflamed.

Traveler’s Diarrhea

Pathogen’s name: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Type of pathogen : bacterial Body system affected : Digestive. Virulence factors: fimbriae and cell wall containing LPS. Signs and symptoms : watery bloody diarrhea, fever, nausea, vomiting, electrolyte imbalance Pathogenesis and epidemiology : 10 days of travel in an area w/ poor public hygiene and eating contaminated food and water. Treatment and prevention : Medicine; bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) Extra note: Traveler’s diarrhea is a digestive tract disorder that commonly causes loose stools and abdominal cramps. It’s caused by consuming contaminated food or water while traveling, especially in regions where sanitation is poor. Despite being generally self-limiting, it can significantly disrupt travel plans.

Clostridium Difficile (colitis)

Pathogen's name : C. difficile

Signs and symptoms : itching and irritation internally and externally (vagina), rashes, redness, burning sensation with intercourse or urination. For thrush; there will be creamy white lesions on the internal mucosal membranes in the mouth; typical indicators will be on tongue and tonsils. Pathogenesis and epidemiology : adhesion to mucosal tissue Treatment and prevention : antibiotic; fluconazole or amphotericin B Extra note : Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of the yeast Candida, which normally lives harmlessly on our skin and inside our body. When the balance between this yeast and healthy bacteria is disrupted, it can lead to infections in various parts of the body, including the skin, mouth, and vagina.

Syphilis

Pathogen's name : Treponema pallidum Distinctive characteristics : 3 skin lesions; chancre, lymphadenopathy, gummas. Also, thin coiled cell w/ gram negative cell wall. Type of pathogen : bacterial Body system affected : affects multiple organs including integumentary, cardiovascular, and nervous. Virulence factors : hemolysins (exotoxin that causes lysis of RBC) and lipoproteins. Signs and symptoms : In primary; it causes “chancre” which are painless genital ulcers. You will also find red bumps on genitalia, lips, oral cavity, nipples, fingers and/or around anus. In secondary; causes “lymphadenopathy” which are red/brown rashes on palms (hand) and soles (feet), other S&S includes hair loss and fever. In latent/tertiary; causes “gummas” which are masses of dead necrotic tissues that are usually seen in the liver but can develop in skin, bone, and cartilage. Pathogenesis and epidemiology : person to person via direct contact with a sore typically through sex.

Treatment and prevention : Antibiotics; penicillin G Extra note : Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, which can lead to serious health problems if left untreated. It is characterized by stages, each with varying symptoms, and can be effectively treated with antibiotics.