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BIOS 252 final exam study guide/BIOS 252 final exam study guide/BIOS 252 final exam study guide/BIOS 252 final exam study guide/BIOS 252 final exam study guide/BIOS 252 final exam study guide/BIOS 252 final exam study guide
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- Types of Muscle Metabolism o Creatine phosphate- Lasts 15 seconds o Anaerobic glycolysis- Lasts a couple minutes o Aerobic Cellular Respiration- Lasts several minutes to hours - Types of Contractions o Isotonic Contraction- muscles contract and movement occurs. o Isometric Contraction- muscles contract, but no net movement occurs. - Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types o Slow Oxidative Fibers ▪ Large amounts of myoglobin and mitochondria for cell respiration ▪ Very low amounts of creatine kinase and glycogen ▪ Maintains posture during aerobic endurance activities o Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibers ▪ Large amounts of myoglobin and mitochondria for cell respiration ▪ Moderate levels of creatine kinase and glycogen ▪ Allows for walking and sprinting o Fast glycolytic Fibers ▪ Very low amounts of myoglobin and mitochondria. ▪ High amounts of creatine kinase and glycogen for anaerobic respiration. ▪ Allows for rapid motions such as in the extraocular muscles
- Origin- attachment to stationary bone - Insertion- attachment to moveable bone - Types of Lever Action
- Major Muscles of the Eyes: o Rectus muscles allow for up/down and side/side motion o Oblique muscles allow for rolling of the eyes - Major Muscles of the Face
- Muscles of the Thorax
- Muscles of the Thigh
- Anatomy of a Neuron
- Graded Potentials- increasing strength of nerve impulse before it reaches threshold (leading to an action potential) o Each stimulus as it increases in strength leads to a slight depolarization of the membrane.
- Action Potential- occurs when voltage hits threshold - Events of an Action Potential
- Meninges o Dura mater o Arachnoid mater o Pia mater - Internal Anatomy of Spinal Cord - Coverings of the Spinal Nerves
- Dermatomes- Areas of the body controlled by very specific nerves - Cervical Plexus - Controls neck and shoulder muscles
- Sacral Plexus - Controls organs of pelvic cavity - Sensory and Motor Tracts o See next page for descriptions of each.
o Motor = red (descending) / Sensory = blue (ascending) o Corticospinal tract- controls movements of limbs and trunk o Rubrospinal tract- flexes limbs o Vestibulospinal tract- maintaining posture o Reticulospinal tract- locomotion and posture o Tectospinal tract- head and eye movements o Gracile fasiculus- sensory from below T o Cuneate fasiculus- sensory from above T o Spinocerebellar tract- proprioception o Spinothalmic tract- pressure and crude touch (anterior) and fine touch (posterior)
- Reflexes and Reflex Arcs
