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BioS255 comprehensive exam perfect study guide
1. Function of nervous system: -Control of body's internal environment to maintain 'homeostasis'
-Programming of spinal cord reflexes -Memory and learning -Voluntary control of movement
2. Positive & negative feedback: A positive feedback loop causes a self-amplifying cycle where a physiological change leads to even greater change in
the same direction. A negative feedback loop is a process in which the body senses a change, and activates mechanisms to reverse that change.
3. The name of the joint in the ankle: talocrural joint
4. characteristics of epithelial tissue: cellularity, polarity, attachment, vascularity, regeneration
5. Properties of synovial joints: **Hyaline cartilage, joint capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid,
ligaments** -Involve movement between joints The surface of the joint is covered by a fluid filled capsule. -The synovial fluid is trapped under the synovial membrane and acts as a lubricant between the bones. -Cartilage at the ends of the bone acts as a cushion and shock absorber.
6. 3 protein fibers in connective tissues: collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers.
7. chondroitin sulfate: provides support and adhesiveness in cartilage, bone, skin, and blood vessels
8. Sacrum— ileum: answer
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9. Keratin: A fiber protein that is the principal component of hair, skin, and nails
10. Sweat glands location and function: Eccrine glands: help to maintain homoeostasis, primarily by
stabilizing body temperature. Smaller glands and excretes on top of skin ((feet, forehead, cheeks) Apocrine glands: continuously secrete a fatty sweat into the gland tubule. ((armpit, groin, nipple area)
11. Hard palate bone: -formed by maxilla and palatine bones
12. The shaft of the bone is called: End-> Epiphysis
Middle/shaft -->>diaphysis
13. Articular process of bone: limits rotation
14. What happens during osteoclasts: Osteoclasts are responsible for aged bone resorption
osteoBlasts are responsible for new bone formation
15. 5 steps of endochondral ossification: 1. Chondrocytes enlarge and matrix begins to calcify
2. Bone formation starts at the shaft surface
3. Blood vessels invade inner region of cartilage
4. Osteoclasts begin to break down spongy bone in center
5. Centers of the epiphyses begin to calcify
16. Smallest unit (fiber) in skeletal muscle: Sarcomere
17. Steps that occur during muscle contraction: 1)Action potential generated, which stimulates
muscle
2) Ca2+ released
3) Ca2+ binds to troponin, shifting the actin filaments, which exposes binding sites
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25. function of cerebrospinal fluid: shock absorption, support weight of brain, nourishment and waste
removal,
26. Primary motor cortex: the section of the frontal lobe responsible for voluntary movement
27. Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH): A hormone produced by the pituitary gland when the body is dehy-
drated. It causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water into the blood making the urine more concentrated.
28. Cranial nerves "wanders": The Vagus Nerve
29. sympathetic activation: occurs in anger or fear, leads to physiological arousal - increased vigilance,
heart rate, and blood flow to the skeletal muscles, and decreased blood flow to the gastrointestinal system and skin (which is why arousal leads to cold hands and feet).
30. Order of light passing through the eye: cornea, pupil, lens, vitreous humor, retina, optic nerve
31. Endocrine cell function: secrete hormones into the blood
metabolism. growth and development. sexual function and reproduction. heart rate. blood pressure. appetite. sleeping and waking cycles. body temperature.
32. Hematocrit increasing and decreasing: increase: dehydration
Decrease: anemia, blood loss, overhydration
33. Blood transfusion given to B-: B neg blood types can only receive blood from B- or O-
34. Tunica media layer composed of: Smooth muscle cells that are supported by elastic fibers.
35. Pressure pulls fluid interstitial space: Hydrostatic pressure
36. Calculate mean arterial pressure: MAP = (systolic-diastolic)/3+diastolic
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37. Vascular resistance: factors affecting resistance are blood viscosity, vessel length and vessel diameter
38. Backflow of heart from pulmonary valve: Narrowing of the pulmonary valve reduces the blood
flow from the heart to the pulmonary artery and lungs. If the pulmonary valve don't close tightly, causing blood to leak backward into the right ventricle.
39. QRS complex on EKG: represents ventricular depolarization
40. Calcium is required for: initiation of muscle contraction
stimulation of the heart blood clotting
41. stroke volume calculation: end diastolic volume - end systolic volume
42. cardiac cycle: A complete heartbeat consisting of contraction and relaxation of both atria and both ventricles
43. innate and adaptive immunity: innate/natural- general immune response, monocytes, neutrophils,
NK cells adaptive immunity- antigen specific response, B cells, T cells humoral/cell-mediated are actually parts of both systems
44. CD4 t helper cells: T-cell needed for both humoral and cellular immunity. Recognize antigens.
45. Artificially acquired passive immunity: antibodies gathered from a human or other animal and
are injected into an individual. Ex.) antiserum for a snakebite, rabies
46. inspiratory capacity: tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
47. Brain and forceful breathing: controlled by medulla oblongata
48. types of respiration: external, internal, cellular
External respiration is the breathing process. It involves inhalation and exhalation of gases. Internal respiration involves gas exchange between the blood and body cells. Cellular respiration involves the conversion of food to energy.
