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Biotechnology Test Review, Exams of Biotechnology

University of CambridgeBiotechnology

A comprehensive review of various topics in biotechnology, including the human genome project, genetic engineering, dna profiling, recombinant dna, genetically engineered microorganisms, plants, and animals, as well as the control systems that regulate gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. A wide range of concepts, such as the key players and timeline of the human genome project, the similarities between humans and other organisms, the steps involved in dna profiling, the applications of genetically engineered organisms, the process of gene cloning, the techniques used to genetically modify plants and animals, and the mechanisms that control gene expression in different types of cells. This review provides a solid foundation for understanding the fundamental principles and advancements in the field of biotechnology, making it a valuable resource for students, researchers, and professionals interested in this rapidly evolving field.

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 07/30/2024

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Biotechnology Test Review
Human Genome Project - Answer -decoded all the letters of a human's genome (3 billion bases, 30000
genes)
what 2 companies raced during the Human Genome Project - Answer -1. Celera Genomics
2. Government
what were the CEOs of the two companies - Answer -Celera: J. Craig Venter
Gov: Eric Lander, Francis Collins
how long did the Human Genome Project take - Answer -Celera: 2 years
Gov: 10 years
Predicted - 15 years
who won the Human Genome Project - Answer -declared a tie, even though Celera actually won by 3
months
how similar are humans and bananas - Answer -50%
how identical are humans - Answer -99.9%
how much DNA is useful (codes for genes) - Answer -1.5%
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Biotechnology Test Review

Human Genome Project - Answer -decoded all the letters of a human's genome (3 billion bases, 30000 genes) what 2 companies raced during the Human Genome Project - Answer -1. Celera Genomics

  1. Government what were the CEOs of the two companies - Answer -Celera: J. Craig Venter Gov: Eric Lander, Francis Collins how long did the Human Genome Project take - Answer -Celera: 2 years Gov: 10 years Predicted - 15 years who won the Human Genome Project - Answer -declared a tie, even though Celera actually won by 3 months how similar are humans and bananas - Answer -50% how identical are humans - Answer -99.9% how much DNA is useful (codes for genes) - Answer -1.5%

genetic engineering - Answer -changing an organisms genome using biotechnology

  • microorganisms
  • plants
  • animals transgenic - Answer -aka genetically modified organisms (GMO); an organism with genetic components from 3 or more "parents" 3 steps of DNA profiling - Answer -1. restriction enzyme
  1. gel electrophoresis
  2. make DNA strand visible restriction enzyme - Answer -an enzyme that cuts up DNA into smaller pieces (fragments)
  • bacteria have them naturally [immune system to kill viral infections]: Eco RI, HindIII, BamHI, PstI
  • they cut DNA at specific palindromic locations of DNA palindromic - Answer -same backwards as forwards sticky restriction enzyme - Answer -makes fragments with open bases that can "stick" to another fragment blunt restriction enzyme - Answer -makes fragments with no open bases that can't "stick" to other fragments gel electrophoresis - Answer -separates; cuts DNA fragments by size why use gel in gel electrophoresis - Answer -gel is not completely sold; it has many pores that small pieces of DNA can quickly move through (bigger pieces are slower to move through)

plasmid - Answer -tiny circular piece of DNA found in bacteria that self-replicates transformation - Answer -genetically changing bacteria by having them take up DNA from an external source (can be natural or artificial) steps of transformation - Answer -1) remove the bacteria's plasmid

  1. cut the plasmid using a restriction enzyme
  2. cut the gene that you're interested in out of a chromosome using a restriction enzyme
  3. glue gene of interest to the plasmid using ligase
  4. put plasmid back into the bacteria (electrocute or poison bacteria to make them take the plasmid back) gene cloning - Answer -take one gene of interest and put it into a plasmid and into the bacteria... every 20 minutes it will replicate virus - Answer -use gene therapy to alter genes = take out virus DNA, then replace with gene of interest gene therapy - Answer -genetically engineer a virus, then give someone a viral infection and cure the disease DNA library - Answer -collection of genes of interest that are stored in microorganisms polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - Answer -way to make copies of DNA quickly (replication that is unnatural) invitro - Answer -in a lab purposes of the PCR - Answer -1. study diseases and mutations (research)
  1. paternity test
  2. forensics

steps of PCR - Answer -1. denaturing

  1. annealing
  2. extending *takes about 3 minutes denaturing - Answer -separate DNA strands with heat at 90º annealing - Answer -bind DNA polymerase and primers to the strands by cooling at 50º extending - Answer -DNA polymerase adds nucleotides by heating to 72º ways to genetically engineer plants - Answer -gene gun & agrobacterium tumefaciens gene gun - Answer -shoot DNA into the nucleus of cells when it is an embryo agrobacterium tumefaciens - Answer -make tumors on plants using bacteria applications of genetically engineered plants - Answer -1. improved crops (quantity, quality, pest/stress resistance)
  3. bioreactor production (new things) ways to genetically engineer animals - Answer -microinjection microinjection - Answer -use a tiny needle to move around nuclei (of gametes/embryos) applications of genetically engineered animals - Answer -1. improved quantity/quality of meat products
  4. resistance to environmental stress
  5. biological production units (pharming)
  1. operator - turns on and off the operon
  2. promoter (TATAbox) - where RNA polymerase first binds (where transcription begins) repressor - Answer -a protein that will bind to the operator to turn off the operon only when the repressor is the right shape (stops the RNA polymerase) tryptophan operon - Answer -goal = to make tryptophan lac operon - Answer -goal = to break down lactose chromatin - Answer -unpacked DNA chromosome - Answer -packed DNA (packed chromatin) histone - Answer -protein that is used to pack up DNA nucleosome - Answer -histone with DNA wrapped around it what happens when the DNA is pack tightly with histones - Answer -the tighter your DNA is packed with histones, the less transcription occurs RNA splicing - Answer -introns don't get expressed because they don't leave the nucleus, exons do get expressed because exit the nucleus enhancer - Answer -segment of DNA that is far away from the promoter activator - Answer -protein that binds to an enhancer to change the shape of DNA strand which will allow protein to bind

life span of mRNA - Answer -the longer mRNA is around, the more it gets translated, the more protein gets made, the more the gene is expressed and vice versa