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Nervous System: Comprehensive Lecture Notes, Exams of Advanced Education

Princeton UniversityAdvanced Education

These lecture notes provide a detailed overview of the nervous system, covering its functions, principal parts (central and peripheral), and the roles of neuroglia and neurons. Key topics include membrane potentials, action potentials, synaptic transmission, and neurotransmitters. The notes also delve into the characteristics of neurons, such as their longevity and high metabolic rate, and explain the processes of depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization. Useful for students studying biology or neuroscience, offering a structured approach to understanding the complexities of the nervous system. It includes information on the types of ion channels, the ionic composition differences, and the coding for stimulus intensity. Additionally, it covers refractory periods and the factors affecting the rate of action potential propagation, such as axon diameter and myelination.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 09/04/2025

Salvadojustin
Salvadojustin 🇺🇸

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BLG 101 lec 11
Nervous system - answerControlling and communicating system of body
-> communicate through electrical and chemical signals
Functions of nervous system - answer1. Sensory input (gather info from external and
internal changes)
2. Integration (processing)
3. Motor output (activation of effector)
Nervous system in 2 principal parts - answerCentral nervous system:
- brain and spinal cord
- integration and control center
Peripheral nervous system
- outside CNS
- consist of spinal and cranial nerves
Neuroglia (glial cells) - answerSmall cells that surround and wrap delicate neurons
Neurons (nerve cells) - answerExcitable cells that transmits electrical signals
Four main neuroglia support CNS neurons - answer- Astrocytes
- Microglial cells
-Ependymal cells
- Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes - answer- Most abundant CNS neuroglia
- responsible for blood brain barrier
Microglial cells - answer- thorny processes that touch and monitor neurons
- ensure pathogens dont come in
Ependymal cells - answer- cilia beat to circulate CSF
- line CSF filled CNS cavities
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BLG 101 lec 11

Nervous system - answerControlling and communicating system of body -> communicate through electrical and chemical signals Functions of nervous system - answer1. Sensory input (gather info from external and internal changes)

  1. Integration (processing)
  2. Motor output (activation of effector) Nervous system in 2 principal parts - answerCentral nervous system:
  • brain and spinal cord
  • integration and control center Peripheral nervous system
  • outside CNS
  • consist of spinal and cranial nerves Neuroglia (glial cells) - answerSmall cells that surround and wrap delicate neurons Neurons (nerve cells) - answerExcitable cells that transmits electrical signals Four main neuroglia support CNS neurons - answer- Astrocytes
  • Microglial cells -Ependymal cells
  • Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes - answer- Most abundant CNS neuroglia
  • responsible for blood brain barrier Microglial cells - answer- thorny processes that touch and monitor neurons
  • ensure pathogens dont come in Ependymal cells - answer- cilia beat to circulate CSF
  • line CSF filled CNS cavities

Oligodendrocytes - answerProcesses wrap CNS nerve fibres, forming insulating myelin sheaths (speed up info) 2 major neuroglia seen in PNS - answer- Satellite cells (surround neuron cell bodies in PNS)

  • Schwann cells (surround peripheral nerve fibres and form myelin sheaths) -> release growth factors Neurons special characteristics - answer- Longevity
  • Amitotic, with few exceptions (no mitosis)
  • High metabolic rate: require continuous supply on 02 and glucose Cell body one or more processes - answerNuclei: clusters of neuron of cell bodies in CNS Ganglia: clusters of neuron cell bodies in PNS Membrane potentials - answerUnlike most other cells, neuron can rapidly change resting membrane potential 2 main types of ion channels - answerLeakage channel -> always open Gated channels ->
  • chemically gated channels
  • voltage gated channels (axon is voltage, response in membrane pot)
  • mechanically gated channels Differences in ionic composition - answer- ECF has higher concentration of NA+ than ICF (balances by chloride ions)
  • ICF has higher concentration of k+ than ECF
  • K+ play most important role in membrane potential (NA out and K in) The spread and decay of a graded potential - answerDepolarization spreads: opposite charges attract each other. creates currents that depolarize adjacent membrane areas, spreading the wave of depolarization -> more magnitude of EPSP higher change of AP Action potentials - answerDo not decay over distance as graded potentials do "all or nothing" Action potential stages - answerResting stage -> depolarization -> repoloarization -> hyperpolarization Coding for stimulus intensity - answer- frequency is number of impulses (APs) received per second (how fast, important message)
  • higher frequencies mean stronger stimulus

Classification of neurotransmitters by chemical structure - answer1. Acetylcholine

  1. Biogenic amines
  2. Amino acids
  3. Peptides
  4. Purines
  5. Gases and lipids
  6. Endocannabinoids Neurotransmitters: direct and indirect - answer- direct (neurotransmitters bind directly to and opens ion channels
  • Indirect (neurotransmitters acts through intro cellular second messengers)