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A comprehensive overview of the structure and function of bones, covering topics such as the composition and properties of bone, the different types of bone cells, the process of bone formation and remodeling, and the various disorders and diseases that can affect bone health. The document delves into the details of bone anatomy, including the distinction between compact and spongy bone, the role of the epiphyseal plate in bone growth, and the differences between the axial and appendicular skeletons. It also explores the mechanisms behind bone resorption and deposition, the importance of calcium and vitamin d in bone health, and the factors that contribute to conditions like osteoporosis and osteomalacia. A valuable resource for students and researchers interested in understanding the complex and dynamic nature of the skeletal system.
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Which of the following is not a function of the skeleton? - Answer: Storage of red blood cells When____ become enclosed in lacunae, they become cells called ____. - Answer: osteoblasts; osteocytes The spaces found within the concentric lamellae are called ____ and they contain ____. - Answer: lacunae; osteocytes Which of the following is an inorganic component of the bone matrix? - Answer: Hydroxyapatite
The hardness of bone comes from ____, whereas ____ provides some degree of flexibility. - Answer: Hydroxyapatite and other minerals, proteins The plasma membrane of _____ have a ruffled border with many deep infoldings, whereas _____ have long thin, finger like cytoplasmic processes - Answer: Osteoclasts; Osteocytes What would you find in the marrow cavity of the diaphysis of an adult humorous (arm bone)? - Answer: Young bone marrow Which one of the following bone cells would have the greatest number of lysosomes? - Answer: Osteoclasts It is common to find ____ in compact bone ____, but they are not seen in spongy bone? - Answer: Central Canals intramembranous ossification produces the____ - Answer: Flat bones of the skull In endochondral ossification, the precursor connective tissue is ____ which is replaced by bone. - Answer: Hyaline Cartilage The ____ is a marginal zone of the epiphyseal plate where, in children and adolescents, bone can be seen replacing the hyaline cartilage - Answer: Metaphysis
Phosphate is necessary for all of the following except___ - Answer: amino acids Calcium plays an essential role in all of the following except? - Answer: DNA synthesis Which of the following is not a function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)? - Answer: Lower Blood Calcium Synthesized by the combined action of the skin, kidneys, and liver ____ is important to the deposition of bone. - Answer: calcitriol Which of the following does not put women at risk for hypocalcemia? - Answer: removal of the thyroid gland blood Ca 2+ deficiency stimulates ___________ secretion, which leads to ____________. - Answer: Parathyroid Hormone, Increased Osteoclast Activity Hypocalcemia can cause ____ - Answer: muscle spasms Arteriosclerosis is one example of ectopic ossification which means ____ - Answer: abnormal calcification of a tissue If a thyroid tumor secreted an excessive amount of calcitonin, we would expect ____ - Answer: an elevated level of osteoblast activity
Osteoporosis is most common is elderly women because of the lack of ____ which would otherwise inhibit____ - Answer: Estrogen; Osteoclast Activity The result of blood calcium and phosphate levels being too low for normal deposition is a softness of the bones called _____ in children and ___ in adults. - Answer: rickets; osteomalacia A break in a bone that is activity weakened by some other disease is called a(n) ____ fracture. - Answer: Pathologic Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the healing of a bone fracture? - Answer: Hematoma Formation ---> Soft Callus Formation ---> Hard Callus Formation ---> Bone remodeling Patterns of fibrocartilage formed in the healing of a fracture are called____, whereas the bony collar formed around the fracture is called _____. - Answer: Soft callus; Hard callus The most common disease is ____ - Answer: Osteoporosis The average number of bones in the adults skeleton is ____ - Answer: 206 All the bones below belong to the axial skeleton, except the __________, which belongs to the appendicular skeleton. - Answer: scapula
Which of the following is not found on a typically vertebra? - Answer: Vertebral head Which of the following is not true of a thoracic vertebra? - Answer: It has a pair of transverse foramina The _____ belongs to the thoracic cage, whereas the ___ belongs to the pectoral girdle. - Answer: sternum; clavicle The manubrium is part of what bone? - Answer: sternum In a herniated disc, the ring of fibrocartilage called the ___ ruptures and the ____ oozes out. - Answer: annulus fibrosus, nucleus pulposus A young girl falls off her bike and lands on her hand, breaking the medial bone of her antebrachium. What bone did she break? - Answer: Her radius Which of the following is found in the palm of your hand? - Answer: metacarpal Male and female pelvis differ in all of the following features except? - Answer: the female sacrum is longer You cannot palpate the ____ on a living person. - Answer: medial surface of the fibula
There are ____ bones in a newborn compared with the average number in an adult. - Answer: more What are the three auditory ossicles? - Answer: The malleus, incus, and stapes The _____ is a U- shaped bone that sits above the larynx yet does not articulate with any other bone. - Answer: hyoid bone Which cranial bone(s) are separate right and left bones at birth but generally fuse by the age of 5. - Answer: frontal bone and mandible One difference between the male and female pelvis is that the subpubic angle of a female is generally ____ - Answer: greater than 100 degrees Which cells have a ruffled border and secrete hydrochloric acid? - Answer: osteoclasts The marrow cavity of an adult bone may contain____ - Answer: myeloid tissue The spurt of growth in puberty results from cell proliferation and hypertrophy in____ - Answer: the epiphyseal plate Osteoclasts are most closely related, by common descent, to____ - Answer: blood cells
Seed crystals of hydroxyapatite form only when the levels of calcium and phosphate in the tissue fluid exceed the _______. - Answer: solubility product A calcium deficiency called ____ can cause death by suffocation. - Answer: hypocalcemia ___ are cells that secrete collagen and stimulate calcium phosphate deposition - Answer: Osteoblasts The most active form of vitamin D, produced mainly by the kidneys, is _____ - Answer: calcitriol The most common bone disease is ___ - Answer: osteoporosis The transitional region between epiphyseal cartilage and the primary marrow cavity of a young bone is called the ____ - Answer: metaphysis A pregnant, poorly nourished woman may suffer a softening of the bones called ____ - Answer: osteomalacia Which of these is not a paranasal sinus? - Answer: temporal Which of these is a facial bone? - Answer: lacrimal Which of these cannot be palpated on a living person? - Answer: the crista galli
All of the following are groups of vertebrae except for ____, which is a spinal kyphosis. - Answer: pelvic Thoracic vertebrae do not have ____ - Answer: transverse foramina The tubercle of a rib articulates with ____ - Answer: the transverse process of a vertebra The disc-shaped head of the radius articulates with the _____ of the humerus. - Answer: capitulum All of the following are carpal bones, except the ____ which is a tarsal bone. - Answer: cuboid The bone that supports your body weight when you are sitting down is ____ - Answer: the ischium Which of these is the bone of the heel? - Answer: calcaneus Gaps between the cranial bones of an infant are called - Answer: fontanelles The external auditory canal is a passage in the ___ bone - Answer: temporal Bones of the skull are joined along lines called___ - Answer: sutures
Which of the following is the least movable? - Answer: synostosis Which of the following movements are unique to the foot? - Answer: dorsiflexion and inversion Which of the following joints cannot be circumducted? - Answer: interphalangeal Which of the following terms denotes a general condition that includes the other four? - Answer: rheumatism In the adult, the ischium and pubis are united by____ - Answer: a synostosis In a second class lever, the effort ____ - Answer: is applied to the end opposite the fulcrum Which of the following joints has anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments? - Answer: the knee To bend backward at the waist involves _____ of the vertebral column. - Answer: hyperextension The rotator cuff includes the tendons of all of the following muscles except... - Answer: the biceps brachii The lubricant of a diarthrosis is called ____ - Answer: synovial fluid
A fluid- filled sac that eases the movement of a tendon over a bone is called a/an - Answer: bursa A ____ joint allows one bone to swivel on another. - Answer: pivot _____ is the science of movement. - Answer: kinesiology The joint between a tooth and the mandible is called a/an - Answer: gomphosis In a ____ suture, the articulating bones have interlocking wavy margins, somewhat like a dovetail joint in carpentry. - Answer: serrate In kicking a football, what type of action does the knee joint exhibit? - Answer: extension The angle through which a joint can move is called its ____ - Answer: range of motion The menisci of the knee are functionally similar to the _____ of the temporomandibular joint. - Answer: articular disc At the ankle, both the tibia and fibula articulate with what tarsal bone? - Answer: talus
What muscle is the prime mover in sucking through a soda straw or spitting out a mouthful of liquid? - Answer: buccinator A bundle of muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium is called a/an - Answer: fascicle The ___ is the muscle that generates the most force in a given joint movement. - Answer: prime mover (agonist) The three large muscles on the posterior side of the thigh are commonly known as the ___ muscles. - Answer: hamstring Connective tissue bands called ____ prevent flexor tendons of the forearm and leg from rising like bowstrings. - Answer: flexor retinaculum The anterior half of the perineum is a region called the ____ - Answer: urogenital The abdominal aponeuroses converge on a median fibrous band on the abdomen called the ____ - Answer: linea alba A muscle that works with another to produce the same or similar movements is called a/an - Answer: synergist
A muscle somewhat like a feather, with fibers obliquely approaching its tendon from both sides is called a/an ____ muscle. - Answer: bipennate A circular muscle that closes a body opening is called a/an___ - Answer: sphincter
At which of the following ages would calcium loss from bone be more than calcium deposits into bone, even when a high calcium diet is eaten? - Answer: 50 years Which mineral is most important throughout life to assist in maintaining strong bones? - Answer: calcium In an adult, a compound fracture of the __________ could lead to a "fat" embolism entering the blood stream. - Answer: tibia The ____ contains hydrogen pumps that lead to the formation of hydrochloric acid, which is used to dissolve bone minerals in a process called ____ - Answer: Osteoclasts; mineral resorption Greenstick fractures most commonly occur in children because _____ - Answer: their bones contain larger quantities of collagen What is the calcium phosphate salt deposited within bone called? - Answer: Hydroxyapatite What of the following best describes osteomalacia? - Answer: the softening of the bones in adults due to calcium deletion Which hormone inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts to lower blood calcium level? - Answer: Calcitonin
During fracture healing, cartilage is deposited in granulation tissue to form which of the following? - Answer: A soft callus Which of the following is not a function of the skeleton? - Answer: storage of red blood cells When ____________ become enclosed in lacunae, they become cells called _____________. - Answer: osteoblasts; osteocytes The spaces found within the concentric lamellae are called ____ and they contain____ - Answer: lacunae; osteocytes Which of the following is an inorganic component of the bone matrix? - Answer: Hydroxyapatite The hardness of bone comes from _____, whereas _____ provides some degree of flexibility. - Answer: Hydroxyapatite and other Minerals; Proteins The plasma membranes of _____ have a ruffled border with many deep infoldings, whereas _____ have long thin, finger like cytoplasmic processes. - Answer: Osteoclasts; Osteocytes What would you find in the marrow cavity of the diaphysis of an adult humerus (arm bone)? - Answer: Yellow Bone Marrow
