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Anatomy & Physiology Test 3 Dr. Wong/ 24
Q&A/ 2024-2025.
The ____ is a marginal zone of the epiphyseal plate where, in children and adolescents, bone can be seen replacing the hyaline cartilage - Answer: Metaphysis Achondroplastic dwarfism is a hereditary condition, in which the long bones of the limbs fail to elongate normally because of reduced hyperplasia and hypertrophy of cartilage in the ____. - Answer: Epiphyseal Plate Chondrocytes multiply in the zone of ____ of the metaphysis. - Answer: Cell Proliferation
Mature bones are remolded throughout life via a process known as ____. - Answer: Appositional growth Bone elongation is a result of ____ - Answer: cartilage growth Wolff's law of bone explains the effects of ____ - Answer: Mechanical stress on Bone Remodeling A growing long bone in a child has only two areas of cartilage at the epiphysis. These two areas are the ____ - Answer: Articular Cartilage and Epiphyseal Plate The process of dissolving bone and returning its minerals to the bloodstream is known as ____ - Answer: Resorption Which of the following exemplifies a positive feedback process happening in the bone mineral deposition? - Answer: First few crystals to form attract more calcium and phosphate Phosphate is necessary for all of the following except___ - Answer: amino acids Calcium plays an essential role in all of the following except? - Answer: DNA synthesis Which of the following is not a function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)? - Answer: Lower Blood Calcium
A break in a bone that is activity weakened by some other disease is called a(n) ____ fracture. - Answer: Pathologic Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the healing of a bone fracture? - Answer: Hematoma Formation ---> Soft Callus Formation ---> Hard Callus Formation ---> Bone remodeling Patterns of fibrocartilage formed in the healing of a fracture are called____, whereas the bony collar formed around the fracture is called _____. - Answer: Soft callus; Hard callus The most common disease is ____ - Answer: Osteoporosis The average number of bones in the adults skeleton is ____ - Answer: 206 All the bones below belong to the axial skeleton, except the __________, which belongs to the appendicular skeleton. - Answer: scapula Why does an adult not have as many bones as a child? - Answer: Some separate bones gradually fuse with age What is a sesamoid bone? - Answer: A bone that forms within some tendons in response to stress
Which of the bones below does not belong to the appendicular skeleton? - Answer: ethmoid All of the following are found on the temporal bone except the ____ - Answer: sella turcica Which of the following are not considered facial bones? - Answer: Parietal bones All of these contribute to the wall of the orbit except the ____ bone. - Answer: the maxilla Which bone helps form the coronal, lambdoid, and squamous sutures of the skull?
- Answer: Temporal bone Which of the following articulates with the vertebral column? - Answer: Occipital condyle Which of the following is the most common spinal curvature deformity? - Answer: scoliosis Which of the following is not found on a typically vertebra? - Answer: Vertebral head Which of the following is not true of a thoracic vertebra? - Answer: It has a pair of transverse foramina
The _____ is a U- shaped bone that sits above the larynx yet does not articulate with any other bone. - Answer: hyoid bone Which cranial bone(s) are separate right and left bones at birth but generally fuse by the age of 5. - Answer: frontal bone and mandible One difference between the male and female pelvis is that the subpubic angle of a female is generally ____ - Answer: greater than 100 degrees Which cells have a ruffled border and secrete hydrochloric acid? - Answer: osteoclasts The marrow cavity of an adult bone may contain____ - Answer: myeloid tissue The spurt of growth in puberty results from cell proliferation and hypertrophy in____ - Answer: the epiphyseal plate Osteoclasts are most closely related, by common descent, to____ - Answer: blood cells The walls between cartilage lacunae break down in the zone of ____ - Answer: bone deposition Which of these is not an effect of PTH? - Answer: rise in blood phosphate level
A child jumps to the ground from the top of a playground "jungle gym" His leg bones do not shatter mainly because they contain - Answer: collagen fibers One long bone meets another at its____ - Answer: epiphysis Calcitriol is made from - Answer: 7- dehydrocholesterol One sign of osteoporosis is - Answer: a spontaneous wrist fracture Calcium phosphate crystalizes in bone as a mineral called ____ - Answer: hydroxyapatite Osteocytes contact each other through channels called _____ in the bone matrix.
- Answer: canaliculi A bone increases in diameter only by _____ growth, the addition of new surface lamellae - Answer: appositional Seed crystals of hydroxyapatite form only when the levels of calcium and phosphate in the tissue fluid exceed the _______. - Answer: solubility product A calcium deficiency called ____ can cause death by suffocation. - Answer: hypocalcemia
The tubercle of a rib articulates with ____ - Answer: the transverse process of a vertebra The disc-shaped head of the radius articulates with the _____ of the humerus. - Answer: capitulum All of the following are carpal bones, except the ____ which is a tarsal bone. - Answer: cuboid The bone that supports your body weight when you are sitting down is ____ - Answer: the ischium Which of these is the bone of the heel? - Answer: calcaneus Gaps between the cranial bones of an infant are called - Answer: fontanelles The external auditory canal is a passage in the ___ bone - Answer: temporal Bones of the skull are joined along lines called___ - Answer: sutures The ____ bone has greater and lesser wings and protects the pituitary gland. - Answer: sphenoid A herniated disc occurs when a ring called the ____ cracks. - Answer: annulus fibrosis
The transverse ligament of the atlas holds the ____ of the axis in place. - Answer: dens The sacroiliac joint is formed where the ___ surface of the sacrum articulates with that of the ilium - Answer: auricular The ____ processes of the radius and ulna form bony protuberances on each side of the wrist. - Answer: styloid Nerves and blood vessels pass through small holes in the skull called ____. The singular form of this word is ____ - Answer: foramina The ____ arch of the foot extends from the heel to the great toe. - Answer: medial longitudinal Internal and external rotation of the humerus is made possible by a ____ joint. - Answer: ball and socket Which of the following is the least movable? - Answer: synostosis Which of the following movements are unique to the foot? - Answer: dorsiflexion and inversion Which of the following joints cannot be circumducted? - Answer: interphalangeal
_____ is the science of movement. - Answer: kinesiology The joint between a tooth and the mandible is called a/an - Answer: gomphosis In a ____ suture, the articulating bones have interlocking wavy margins, somewhat like a dovetail joint in carpentry. - Answer: serrate In kicking a football, what type of action does the knee joint exhibit? - Answer: extension The angle through which a joint can move is called its ____ - Answer: range of motion The menisci of the knee are functionally similar to the _____ of the temporomandibular joint. - Answer: articular disc At the ankle, both the tibia and fibula articulate with what tarsal bone? - Answer: talus Which of the following muscles does not contribute to the rotator cuff? - Answer: teres major Make a fist, then straighten your fingers. The muscles that performed the latter action have tendons that pass thru - Answer: the extensor retinaculum
Which of these is not a suprahyoid muscle? - Answer: genioglossus Which of these muscles is an extensor of the neck? - Answer: splenius capitis Which of these muscles of the pelvic floor is the deepest? - Answer: levator ani Which of these actions is not performed by the trapezius? - Answer: adduction of the humerus Both the hands and feet are acted upon by a muscle or muscles called - Answer: the abductor digiti minimi Which of the following muscles does not extend the hip joint? - Answer: quadriceps femoris Both the gastrocnemius and ____ muscles insert on the heel by way of the calcaneal tendon. - Answer: soleus Which of the following muscles raises the upper lip? - Answer: zygomaticus minor What muscle is the prime mover in sucking through a soda straw or spitting out a mouthful of liquid? - Answer: buccinator A bundle of muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium is called a/an - Answer: fascicle
- visible, obvious, central canals
- found in greater proportion in the bone diaphyses - Answer: Compact Bone
- Composed of trabeculae
- Gaps between ossified material are filled with marrow
- convey strength with light weight
- arranged along the lines of forces that are encountered
- found in greater proportions in flat bones
- found in greater proportions in bone epiphyses - Answer: Spongy Bone
- Stem cells
- Differentiate into osteoblasts - Answer: Osteogenic Cells
- Bone building cells
- Abundant in mitochondria
- Overactivity results in increased bone density - Answer: Osteocytes
- Bone resorbing cells
- Have a ruffled border
- Massive, multinucleate cells - Answer: Osteoclasts
- Bone cells encased in matrix
- Trapped in lacunae - Answer: Osteocytes STAGE 1
- Deposition of osteoid tissue into embryonic mesenchyme STAGE 2
- Calcification of osteoid tissue are entrapment of osteocytes STAGE 3
- Honeycomb of spongy bone with developing peristem STAGE 4
- Filling of space to form compact bone at surfaces, leaving spongy bone in middle
- Answer: Intramembranous Ossification Bones in the legs, arms, spine and pelvis grow ____ - Answer: at different rates Which of the following is not considered a weight bearing activity? - Answer: swimming Trusses and arches which help form an internal scaffolding network, are found in - Answer: trabecular bone At which of the following ages would calcium loss from bone be more than calcium deposits into bone, even when a high calcium diet is eaten? - Answer: 50 years Which mineral is most important throughout life to assist in maintaining strong bones? - Answer: calcium
When ____________ become enclosed in lacunae, they become cells called _____________. - Answer: osteoblasts; osteocytes The spaces found within the concentric lamellae are called ____ and they contain____ - Answer: lacunae; osteocytes Which of the following is an inorganic component of the bone matrix? - Answer: Hydroxyapatite The hardness of bone comes from _____, whereas _____ provides some degree of flexibility. - Answer: Hydroxyapatite and other Minerals; Proteins The plasma membranes of _____ have a ruffled border with many deep infoldings, whereas _____ have long thin, finger like cytoplasmic processes. - Answer: Osteoclasts; Osteocytes What would you find in the marrow cavity of the diaphysis of an adult humerus (arm bone)? - Answer: Yellow Bone Marrow Which one of the following bone cells would have the greatest number of lysosomes? - Answer: Osteoclasts It is common to find __________ in compact bone, but they are not seen in spongy bone. - Answer: Central Canals
Intramembranous ossification produces the ____ - Answer: flat bones of the skull In endochondral ossification, the precursor connective tissue is _____ which is replaced by bone. - Answer: Hyaline Cartilage The ____ is a marginal zone of the epiphyseal plate where, in children and adolescents, bone can be seen replacing the hyaline cartilage. - Answer: Metaphysis Achondroplastic dwarfism is a hereditary condition, in which the long bones of the limbs fail to elongate normally because of reduced hyperplasia and hypertrophy of cartilage in the ____ - Answer: Epiphyseal Plate Chondrocytes multiply in the zone of ____ of the metaphysis - Answer: Cell Proliferation Mature bones are remolded throughout life via a process known as ____ - Answer: Appositional growth Bone elongation is a result of ____ - Answer: cartilage growth Wolff's law of bone explains the effect of - Answer: mechanical stress on bone remodeling
