Bones - Anatomy - Lecture Slides, Slides of Dental Anatomy

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Chapter 6-Bones and Skeletal Tissues

• Histology of cartilage and

bone

• Function of the skeletal

system

• Bone terminology
• Bone development and

growth

The skeletal system (like others) is

multifunctional p 125

• Support
• Storage of minerals and lipid
• Blood cell proliferation (red marrow)
• Protection (heart, brain, etc.)
• Leverage, Movement
• Metabolic role recently discovered
  • Osteocalcin

Cartilage, cont’d

Hyaline

Especially articular

Fibrocartilage

Resists compression—IV Disk, menisci

Elastic: More flexible,

e.g., ear, larynx

Types (shapes) of Bones

• Long
  • Femur
• Short
  • Carpal
• Sesamoid
  • Patella
    • Flat
      • Scapula
    • Sutural
      • Skull
    • Irregular
      • Vertebra

Types of Osseous Tissue

1. Compact Bone

1. Dense, found in the walls, or cortex

2. Spongy or Cancellous Bone

1. Network of struts and thin plates (trabeculae)

3. Marrow

1. Red and Yellow

1. Compact Bone

• Osteon = functional unit of bone
• The mineral matrix is hydroxyapatite
• Osteoblasts lay down the matrix in layers (lamellae) - Become osteocytes when surrounded by EC matrix - Lacunae
• Osteoclasts break down bone
  • Often multinucleated

3. Marrow

• Red Marrow
  • Active
  • Blood Precursors
• Yellow Marrow
  • Inactive
  • Mostly fat

Bone markings Table 6.1, p 131

• Projection and Process
  • Tuberosity, tubercle
  • Trochanter (only one!)
  • Lines and spines
  • Epicondyles
• Surfaces for Joints
  • Head, facet, condyle
• Depressions and holes
  • Foramen
  • Fossa
    • Mostly a lab

exercise

Bone Development

• Osteoblasts produce hydroxyapatite
• Osteoclasts break down the hydroxyapatite
• Intramembranous Ossification
  • Spongy bone
  • Plates of Bone e.g. skull
• Endochondral Ossification
  • Long Bones

Intramembranous Ossification

Endochondral Ossification

Bone Circulation

Nutrient artery Metaphyseal arteries (2)

Fractures

• Young vs. old patients
• Simple vs. open (compound) fractures
• Healing:
  • Reduction and stabilization
  • Formation of hematoma
  • Callus—
    • fibrocartilagenous and
    • bony
  • Remodeling—months later

Osteoporosis (p 141)

• Loss of bone mass weakness
• Both compact and spongy bone
• Post-menopausal women, some men - Estrogen replacement?? - Other newer modalities