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BONES AND BONE MARKINGS TO KNOW
Axial Skeleton
Skull
A. Cranial bones (8) a) Frontal (1)
- Frontal sinus
- Supraorbital foramen
b) Parietal (2)
- Sagittal suture
- Coronal suture
c) Temporal (2)
- Zygomatic process
- External auditory meatus
- Styloid process
- Mandibular fossa
- Mastoid process
d) Occipital bone (1)
- Lambdoidal suture
- Foramen magnum
- Occipital condyles
e) Sphenoid bone (1)
- Sella turcica
- Sphenoid sinus
f) Ethmoid (1)
- Perpendicular plate
- Crista galli
- Superior and middle nasal conchae
- Cribriform plate
- Ethmoidal sinuses
B. Facial Bones a) Maxilla (2)
- Alveoli = sockets
- Palatine process
- Maxillary sinus
- Infraorbital foramen
b) Palatine (2)
c) Zygomatic (2)
d) Lacrimal (2)
e) Nasal bone (2)
f) Inferior nasal concha (2)
g) Vomer (1)
C. mandible (1)
- Horseshoe – shaped body
- Alveoli = sockets
- Ramus – two rami extend upward at the posterior end of the body
- Mandibular condyle
- Coronoid process
- Mandibular notch
- Mental foramina
- Mandibular foramina
D. Middle Ear Bones a) Malleus = hammer (2) b) Incus = anvil (2) c) Stapes = stirrup (2)
E. Hyoid Bone (1)
- U-shaped bone in the neck that is not attached directly to any other bone
F. Fetal Skull a) Fontanels
- Anterior
- Anterolateral
- Posterior
- Posterolateral b) Sutures
Vertebral Column
Types
A. Cervical: C 1 – C 7 (7)
- Transverse foramen a) Atlas
- superior surfaces of its transverse processes articulate with occipital condyles of skull; allow one to nod “yes” b) Axis
- Odontoid process = dens
- forms joint with atlas; allows one to rotate head from side to side to indicate “no”
B. Thoracic: T 1 – T 12 (12)
C. Lumbar: L 1 – L 5 (5)
D. Sacrum (1)
- Formed by fusion of five sacral vertebrae
- Median sacral crest
- Sacral canal
- Sacral hiatus
E. Coccyx (1)
- Formed by fusion of four to five coccygeal vertebrae
- human tailbone
Structure of a thoracic vertebra Body Vertebral (spinal) foramen Vertebral arch Transverse process Spinous process Pedicle Lamina Intervertebral foramen Vertebral notches Superior and inferior articular processes
F. Ribs (24)
Structure Head Neck Tubercle Shaft or body
Types
True or vertebrosternal (7 pairs)
False (5 pairs) Vertebrochondral (3 pairs) Floating (2 pairs)
G. Sternum (1)
- Superior manubrium
- Central body
- Xiphoid process
B. Patella (2)
C. Tibia (2)
- Medial and lateral condyles
- Tibial tuberosity
- Medial malleolus D. Fibula
- Head
- Lateral malleous E. Tarsals (14)
- Bones that form the ankle Calcaneus
- Tarsal bone that forms the heel and is inferior to the talus Talus
- articulates with the tibia and fibula to form ankle joint; lies between tibia and calcaneus
Articulations
Diarthroses (synovial)
Structure of a movable joint
- Joint cavity
- Articular (hyline) cartilage; covers articulating surfaces
- Articular capsule enclosing the joint
- Outer dense fibrous (white) connective tissue including ligaments
- Articular disks at some joints
- Bursae
Types A. Ball-and-socket
- Examples are shoulder and hip
- Movement: flex/extend; abduction/adduction; rotation B. Hinge
- Examples are knee, elbow, ankle and interphalangeal joints
- Movement: They produce an angular, opening-and closing motion like that of a hinged door.
Parts of the knee joint
- Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
- Medial and lateral menisci
- Tibial and fibular collateral ligaments
- Quadriceps tendon
- Patellar ligament
- Transverse ligament
C. Planar (Gliding)
- Examples are the intercarpal joints (between carpal bones at the wrist). intertarsal joints, sternoclavicular joints, acromioclavicular joints.
- Movement: flexsion, extension, hyperextension. Rotation is prevented by ligaments. D. Pivot
- Atlas to Axis joint
- Movement: the atlas rotates around the axis and permits the head to turn from side to side as in signifying “NO” E. Condyloid
- Examples are the wrist and metacarpo-phalangeal joints for digits 2 and 5.
- Movement: flex/extend or abduct/adduct F. Saddle
- Between thumb, metacarpal and trapezium Movement: opposition allows tip of thumb to touch tip of other fingers; rotation in all 3 anatomical planesβ
