CYTOKININS: promote cell division in plant root/shoots AUXINS: are
growth hormones in shoot and root tips, affects plants orientation,
promote cell division to one side of plant, responds to sunlight and
gravity PLANT CELL STRUCTURE: INTERMEDIATE
FILAMENTS: provides structure/support to cell NUCLEUS:
administrator of cell regulation/activity, carry gene/structure, contains
hereditary info, stores/regulates dna NUCLEOLUS: primary site of
ribosome production, located inside nucleus RIBOSOME:
synthesizes/builds protein, located in cytoplasm ROUGH
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM: surrounds nucleus, protein synthesis,
ribosomes attached to surface SMOOTH ER: site of lipid synthesis,
breaks down toxins/waste GOLGI APPARATUS:transports, modifies,
sorts protein and lipid from endoplasmic reticulum, transports out of
cell LYSOSOMES: contains digestive enzymes, breaks down
excess/worn-out parts, destroy invading bacteria/virus
MITOCHONDRIA: site of aerobic cellular respiration, called
powerhouse of cell because is main site of ATP production
VACUOLE: water, mineral, waste storage CHLOROPLAST: site of
photosynthesis, convert light to chem. energy CELL MEMBRANE:
made up of 2 layers of phospholipids, regulates what molecules move
in and out of cell CELLWALL: made of cellulose, provide shape/rigid
structure to plant cell
LEAF STRUCTURE: GUARD CELL: controls opening and
closing of stoma STOMA: openings for gas exchange VEIN:
xylem+phloem XYLEM: transports water/minerals up plant PHLOEM:
carries food from leaf to roots UPPER EPIDERMIS: below cuticle,
prevents water loss, provides extra layer between outside andinside
of leaf LOWER EPIDERMIS: contain stoma+guard cells allowing co2
enter leaf, oxygen/excess water exit leaf MESOPHYLL:
palisade+spongy PALISADE LAYER: tight-packed cells under upper
SPONGY: has intercellular space, no tight-packed cells, allows co2
flow CUTICLE: protects top layer, waxy ABAXIAL: back of leaf, air
spaces, spongy layer ADAXIAL: front of leaf, tightly packed, palisade
layer CAULESCENT: has stem ACAULESCENT: no stem
MAJOR DIVISION BETWEEN GROUPS OF
PLANTS: ALGAE: lack true root/shoot system, uni OR
multicellular, free moving organism, non vascular, found in aquatic,
phycology MULTICELLULAR PLANT: have root/shoot system,
multicellular only, no movement, has vascular (xyelm/phloem), found
in terrestrial and aquatic COTYLEDON: first leaves of plant growth
MONOCOT: 1 cotyledon, parallel veins, vascular complex
arrangement bundle, fibrous root system DICOT: 2 cotyledons, net-like
veins, vascular bundles ring-shape, has taproot (complex root growing
downwards) EMBRYOPHYTES: commonly associated with land
plants, (ex. trees, moss, flowering plants),has ability to nurture young
sporophytes inside gametophyte tissues SPOROPHYTES: generates
spores in plants, reproductive capabilityto develop into new individual
by itself GAMETOPHYTES: generates gametes in plants, gametes
are reproductive cell, similar to egg cell functions WOODY: produce
wood, has sturdy stem, survives during winter, self pruning (removes
leaves no longer working) HERBACEOUS: nonpermanent woody
stem, short living period, take long time to reproduce
EVOLUTION ORDER: COLEOCHAETALES (algae in family
group), LIVERWORTS (non-vascular land plants), LYCOPHYTES
(one of oldest vascular plant), GYMNOSPERMS (group of seed
producing plant, not flower or fruit), ANGIOSPERMS (can be fruit or
flower, seeds develop in ovary, surrounded by protective fruit)
ANGIOSPERM: only they can produce seeds FLOWER
STRUCTURE:SEPAL/CALYX: modified leaves enclose developing flower,
provide protection to young flower bud, forms tightly closed area, gives structural
support PETAL/ COROLLA: surrounds reproductive organs/structures, attracts
pollinators STAMEN: male reproductive part, anther+filament ANTHER: head of
stamen, helps produce and store pollen grain FILAMENT:tail of stamen, hold/attach
anther to flower CARPEL: female reproductive part form pistil,stigma+style+ovary
STIGMA: head of pistil, catches pollen grain, helps with germination STYLE: stalk of
pistil, stigma catch pollen and pollen tube grows through style and reaches ovary,
support/connects stigma to ovary,often sticky from which pollen germinates OVARY:
base of pistil, holds eggs, develops/distributes embryo, ovary later becomes seed
when male and female reproductive cells fuse together (fertilization) RECEPTACLE:
top of flower stalk/stem where it connects it to the parts of flower PEDICLE: stalk of
flower
PERIANTH: sepal+petal
TREE INFORMTION:LARGEST TREE: general sherman tree
LONGEST TREE: coastal redwood OLDEST LIVING TREE: bristlecone pine
OLDEST TREE: alerce milenario/gran abuelo STUDY OF TREE ANNUAL RINGS:
dendrochronology CONIFEROPHYTA: group of cone-bearing seed plants
PRUNING: removing unnecessary branches and leaves from trees, important so
that trees can live for a very long time ABCISSION:natural detachment of parts of
plant (dead leaves and ripe fruit) PHOTOSYNTHESIS: AMOUNT OF
CO2 NEEDED PHOTO- SYNTHESIS PRODUCE ONEGLUCOSE: 6
FORMULA: 6CO2+6H2O→C6H12O6+6O2 BADLIGHT: green
GOODLIGHT: blue/violet BYPRODUCT PHOTO- SYN: o2 MINERAL
ION THAT PLAYS IMPORTANT ROLE IN PHOTOSYSTEM 2:
manganese CALVIN CYCLE: occurs in the stroma LIGHT
REACTIONS: occurs in thhe thylakoid membranes
HORNWORTS+LIVERWORTS: HORNWORTS: aquatic,
narrow-forked leaves, “horny”/straw shaped, gametophyte is
thalloid/contains narrow pipe-like structure, contains single chloroplast
per cell, chloroplast store co2, sporophyte is large/contain
chlorophyll/continuous growth/last long, contain stomata, is bryophyte
LIVERWORTS: small flowerless green plant, leaf-like stem, moist
habitat, gametophyte either thalloid or foliose, contains lobes
(roundish) leaf-like structure, gametophyte contain many chloroplast
per cell, chloroplast do not store co2, sporophyte is small/no
chlorophyll/defined growth (not continuous)/doesn’t last long, there is
no stomata CONCENTRATION REDUCTION HYPO-
THESIS: one species can displace others based on ability to lower
concentration of resources in environment COMPETITION:2 or more
plants competing for same resource HISTORY BOTANY:
FIRST AMERICAN BOTANICAL GARDEN: 1728 Botanical Garden in
Philadelphia “BOTANY” GREEK WORD: came from botanikos
(botanical)+botane (plant or herb) CURRENT POPULAR FRUIT
ENDANGERED: grapes FATHER OF BOTANY: Theophrastus -
authored the work “Enquiry into Plants”- describing and categorizing
numerous plant species(classification system for plants - based on
characteristics [ex. Stem structure, leaf arrangement, fruit types]),
studying plant anatomy (distinguish various plant organs by their form
and function) and discussing topics like plant growth and reproduction
- played crucial role in establishing the study of plant morphology
(study of development, form, and structures if plants and by
implication, attempt to interpret these on the basis of similarity of plan
and origin) by systematically describing plant structures and their
variations CARL LINNAEUS - development of the binomial
nomenclature (simplify naming of species - ensures standardized and
universally accepted way to name and classify organisms) : two part
Latin name - genus and species epithet [ex. Rose - binomial name:
Rosa indica; Rosa- genus & indica - species epithet] (18th century)
GREGOR MENDEL - work on genetics : principle of inheritance,
genetic variation in plants, selective breeding, mendelian genetics in
plant breeding (19th century) ROBERT HOOKE - discovery of cells :
cellular structure, plant tissues, cell walls, illustrations plant structures,
pollen grains, observations on plant growth
PLANT MEDICINAL ROLES: CHAMOMILE (FLOWER):
used to treat rash from radiation treatments, ease vomiting from
chemotherapy ECHINACEA (LEAF, STALK, ROOT): promotes body
immune system, prevent cold/flu, helps with upper respiratory
functions FEVERFEW (LEAF): treats fever, prevent migraines, treat
arthritis GARLIC (ROOTS, CLOVES): used in cooking, fight germs,
protect heart, reduce inflammation GINGER (ROOT): ease
nausea/motion sickness, often used during pregnancy and
chemotherapy, anticancer agent, anti inflammatory effects GINKGO
(LEAF): used for asthma, bronchitis, fatigue, tinnitus, improves
memory, prevent dementia, not fully known species, may cause
bleeding (bad) GINSENG (ROOT): boost energy, body balance, side
effect is high blood pressure GOLDEN SEAL (ROOT): helps with
diarrhea, eye skin irritation, but too much can be poisonous MILK
THISTLE (FRUIT): used for liver problem and high cholesterol, reduce
growth of cancer cell SAINT JOHN’S WORT (FLOWER, LEAF): helps
with mild, moderate depression, high doses cause skin sensitivity
SAW PALMETTO (FRUIT): treats urine problems, too much can
cause mild upset stomach and headaches VALERIAN (ROOT): treats
sleep problems, reduces anxiety ENERGY PYRAMIDS:
greatest energy at bottom, each level 10% release to atmosphere
(heat energy), producers most energy, carnivores less energy
PLANT CULTURES: HORTICULTURE: plant
structure/function, propagation method, soils/fertility, pest/disease
control, directing plant growth and development AQUACULTURE:
breeding, raising, and harvesting fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants
ARBORICULTURE: cultivating, proper management, studying
individual shrubs, trees, vines, any other woody plants
OLERICULTURE: science of vegetable growing with culture of
non-woody (herbaceous) plants for food C2, C3, C4, CAM: C2
PLANTS: require abundant chloroplasts, Rubisco in both
mesophyll/bundle cell C3 PLANTS: opens stoma during day, thrives in
cool, wet climates, occurs with calvin cycle, basic route of carbon
assimilation C4 PLANTS: photosynthesis occurs around mostly
vascular plants (example: CO2 first fixed in mesophyll cells into
oxaloacetate then malate, which passes into bundle-sheath cells,
releases CO2 in high concentrations) CAMPLANTS: stoma opens at
night, allows co2 to diffuse in leaf, forms malate, stores acid until
daytime, then releases
INFLORESCENCE (arranged description of different plants)
PANICLE: each branch has more than one flower
RACEME: flowers born on short stalks
COMPOUND CYME: cluster of many small flowers
COMPOUND UMBEL: all umbel inflorescences arise from common
point, appeared to be at same level
CORYMB: flower stacks arise from different levels
SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS: COMMENSALISM: one
species benefit from the other species without harming them
MUTUALISM: both species benefit from each other PARASITISM:
one organism benefits from other species while harming them
naturally RECIDIVISM: benefitting from the other species continuously
and continuously even after harming them once AMENSALISM: one
is destroyed/inhibited, other remains unaffected PROCESSES:
GERMINATION: process of seed into seedling REPRODUCTION:
process of reproducing a genetic copy of parent organism
DEFOILATION: premature removal of grass parts, usually leaves, by
cutting or grazing
PLANT COMMUNAL COMPETITION: INTRASPECIFIC:
between members of species INTERSPECIFIC: between species
INTERFERENCE/ CONTEST COMPETITION: organisms of same
species or 2 or more species interact directly, competing for scarce
resources EXPLOITATION/SCRAMBLE COMPETITION: indirect
interactions, organisms both use common limiting resources or shared
food item APPARENT COMPETITION: two species/individuals that do
not directly compete for resources, affecting each other indirectly
PLANT TAXONOMY: SEVEN MAJOR TAXONOMICAL
GROUPINGS IN ORDER: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family,
Genus, Species KINGDOM NAMES (kingdom is divided in
bryophytes or non vascular plants AND tracheophytes or
vascular plants): Plantae (plant kingdom), Fungi, Protista (one-celled
organisms [yeasts, bacteria, and protozoans]), Animalia (animals)
MAJOR TAXONOMICAL RANK (LEAST TO GREATEST):
Monocotyledon+Dicotyledon, Gymnosperm+Angiosperm+Ferns,
Lycophyte+Euphyllophytes, vascularplants+bryophyte, Plantae
(plants) MONOCOT: 1 cotyledon, parallel veins, vascular complex
arrangement bundle, fibrous root system DICOT: 2 cotyledons,
net-like veins, vascular bundles ring-shape, has taproot (complex root
growing downwards) GYMNOSPERM: do not produce flowers, is
rather “naked seeds”/ pines ANGIOSPERM: monocot+
dicot=angiosperm (flowering plants), nearly 260,000 existing species
that make up most of diversity of plants, complicated vascular systems
than other plants, highly modified reproductive system, seeds
enclosed in a fruit LYCOPHYTE: plants with very simple vascular
systems (selaginella/ club-mosses) EUPHYLLOPHYTE: plants with
complex vascular systems and overtopping branches, like ferns,
conifers, and flowering plants
BACTERIAL DISEASE (not alwaysbut common for bacterial infection
sites to be water soaked) →
BACTERIAL WILT: individual or group of leaves that turn dull green, then wilts FIRE
BLIGHT: wilted young leaves, later turn brown/black RICE BACTERIAL BLIGHT:
infected leaves turn gray/green, rolls up, time passes turns yellow straw-likecolor,
wilts
CANKER: circular lesion, discolored, oozing, sunken THOUSAND CANKERS: dark
black blotches, wilting leaves, dead branch CROWN GALL: rough abnormal tumors
below soil surface, on roots, stems, or trunks, soft/spongy
BASAL ROT: roots infected turn dark brown to pink, white fungal growth at base
SCAB: pale, yellow spots, overtime become darker color SOFT ROT: rotted tissues,
wet, soft, tan-colored
FUNGAL DISEASE→BLACK KNOT: grows along stem/branch,
knotted-like, swollen black growths ANTHRACNOSE: infected leaves curled, dark
tan spot/blotches on young leaf CHESTNUT BLIGHT: yellowish brown fruiting
visible, found around canker/barks of tree
