Download BSC 340 Final Exam Questions and Answers: Ecology and Conservation and more Exams Community Corrections in PDF only on Docsity!
BSC 340 Final Exam Questions and Answers
What is the utilitarian approach to natural resource conservation? - Correct answer Use resources to benefit people Seals were harvested at a high rate after European colonization. This is an example of: - Correct answer Intense exploitation Non-native herbivores were introduced after European colonization. This is an example of: - Correct answer Change in community composition The kind of hunting that led to intense exploitation and, in some cases, extinction was: - Correct answer Market hunting The passenger pigeon - Correct answer went extinct Select the practices that were used by indigenous communities - Correct answer Use fire to encourage the growth of useful plant and animal populations Create a diverse combination of vegetation types on the landscape Use fire to clear underbrush Use fire to discourage plant diseases and pests Interactions between marine ecosystems and commercial fishers - Correct answer Coupled human and natural system Indigenous depopulation opened opportunities for colonial settlements, creating opportunities for more disease outbreaks - Correct answer Positive feedback loop Effects of an initial change are damped out by subsequent changes, with the result that the system reverts to its original condition - Correct answer Negative feedback loop CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere reach a level leading to a sudden transition between alternate regimes in an ecosystem - Correct answer Tipping point
National Forests were primarily established to - Correct answer Manage timber production What was the conflict over Hetch Hetchy about? - Correct answer creating a reservoir for municipal water What happened to Hetch Hetchy? - Correct answer A dam was built to create a reservoir for water and power generation Gifford Pinchot - Correct answer Worked as a forest manager at Biltmore and with the Forest Service An assemblage of interacting populations of different species is - Correct answer Community Estimating and modeling emperor penguin population trends over time can give scientists information about - Correct answer Whether populations are increasing, stable, or decreasing What environmental conditions might be affecting emperor penguin populations The number of emperor penguins in different areas Group of organisms of the same species occupying a defined area during a specific time - Correct answer Population Match the blanks in this sentence to the word choices: [A] can prevent scientists from obtaining [B], so scientists can use [C] from those areas instead and use [D] to estimate additional features about those areas. - Correct answer A- Weather B- Aerial photographs C- Satellite imagery D- Models Monitoring emperor penguins can give scientists insights into - Correct answer Effects of climate change Fish, squid, and krill populations exponential growth - Correct answer
When a population experiences density-dependence, which are most likely at high densities? - Correct answer Intraspecific competition is high Population growth rate is low Mortality is high r = 0.5 so we know the population is - Correct answer increasing An ecosystem is a - Correct answer System formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with each other and with their physical environment Habitat is - Correct answer The suite of resources and environmental conditions that determine the presence, survival, and reproduction of a population Alabama has relatively ___ biodiversity compared to other states in the U.S. - Correct answer High Which is a component of habitat? - Correct answer Soil Vegetation Temperature Water Cover Alabama has particularly high biodiversity of - Correct answer Freshwater Turtles In Alabama, this sector uses the most water - Correct answer Thermoelectric Specialists have a broad range of tolerance - Correct answer False Harvesting for enjoyment and use of the take - Correct answer recreational harvest Harvesting to earn an income - Correct answer commercial harvest Harvesting to acquire needed food - Correct answer subsistence harvest
A fully stocked stand is - Correct answer a forest where trees are spaced for maximum timber production What is quota? - Correct answer a limit on how much of a population can be harvested MSY stands for - Correct answer maximum sustainable yield Calculating MSY assumes - Correct answer Logistic growth K is known Harvest does not affect r Recruitment is the greatest when N = (write your answer as an equation) - Correct answer 0.5K Which is a challenge to enforcing harvest regulations? - Correct answer
- Correct answer Low chance of capture if the regulation is violated Weak penalties for violating the regulation Potentially high profit from violating the regulation The population should be kept at what size to be able to harvest at MSY? - Correct answer N= 25, Blue= Estimate Orange = True How is our estimate inaccurate? - Correct answer r underestimated Blue= Estimate Orange = True If we harvest based on our estimate, the amount we harvest for MSY would be - Correct answer too small K = 50, N = 25, To achieve MSY, we should harvest - Correct answer 7, A population is being harvested. The population is exhibiting compensatory mortality. Should we expect that reducing hunting pressure would help increase the population abundance? Assume the hunting mortality rate is
(T/F) Federal agencies are prohibited from using fire in natural resource management - Correct answer False Which is a common management method to increase deer on a property? - Correct answer Provide supplemental feed Plant a food plot Thin the forest Conduct a prescribed burn Red-cockaded woodpeckers benefit from - Correct answer artificial cavities The disciple of biology that studies where habitat occurs and how it is arranged is - Correct answer landscape ecology Configuration describes - Correct answer How habitat is arranged in space This figure depicts - Correct answer Stands of different ages to plan harvest schedules This figure depicts: - Correct answer Nighttime light patterns to infer where sprawl is occurring According to Dr. Collins, forestry can be defined as the science and practice of ___ management of forests - Correct answer Sustainable In a timber cruise, foresters - Correct answer inventory trees Pest species often have these life history traits - Correct answer Non- native Generalists Tolerant of people Pests are of concern because they can - Correct answer Cause economic damage Threaten people's health and safety Threaten the health and safety of animals owned by people
The fundamental goal of pest control is to - Correct answer Reduce damage caused by the pest Introducing a parasitoid wasp to reduce the abundance of a pest caterpillar is an example of - Correct answer Biological control Playing predator calls to scare birds away from a public area where they are a nuisance is an example of - Correct answer Control by altering behavior Which is used most today for pest control? - Correct answer target problem individuals How did kudzu get established in the US? - Correct answer it was planted on purpose for erosion control and as an ornamental shade plant Island biogeography primarily relates the number of species on an island to
- Correct answer Island size Distance of the island from the mainland Species - Correct answer A kind of organism that is reproductively isolated from other groups in nature Endemism - Correct answer Species that are unique to a geographic area adaptive radiation - Correct answer The process of a few immigrants evolving to fill niches The current rate of extinction is___ compared to the average rate over geological history - Correct answer Faster The snail darter was threatened by - Correct answer construction of a dam Use of DDT is now illegal - Correct answer False, it has limited use and is mostly used to control insects that spread disease Which is a common reason for a species to go extinct? - Correct answer Over-exploitation There is environmental change and the species cannot adapt or disperse Habitat loss
Which is associated with an increased risk of extinction? - Correct answer Large home range Limited experience with antagonists Limited ability to disperse Specialist 4 out of 4 points What are the 2 kinds of certification a company can get for doing sustainable forestry? Provide the acronym and the full name. (For example: ECP = Example Certification Program) - Correct answer FSC = forest stewardship council SFI = Sustainable forestry initiative Westervelt was the first timber company in the Southeast to do what? - Correct answer hire a wildlife biologist What do you call it when an environmental enhancement and preservation project is conducted to allay impacts to streams or wetlands. Hint: Westervelt Ecological Services does this. - Correct answer Mitigation banking What does RTE stand for? - Correct answer Rare, threatened, endangered The goal of Westervelt's wildlife habitat management is to have - Correct answer early successional pine habitat in a landscape containing different forest types The narrow strips of trees are present on the landscape because the trees are near this feature - Correct answer Stream The Crouse et al. 1987 study was important because - Correct answer It suggested that conservation efforts should focus on juvenile and subadult turtles The data entered in the matrix to determine which loggerhead life stage has the largest effect on population growth was - Correct answer robability of surviving and growing to the next stage Stage-specific fecundity Probability of surviving and remaining in the same stage
Correct answer s: A symbol for conservation - Correct answer Flagship Species A species with a large home range so that when it is conserved, species that live within its large home range are conserved - Correct answer Umbrella Species A species that can be monitored to understand the fate of other species in the ecosystem - Correct answer Indicator Species A species with a pivotal role in ecosystem functioning out of proportion to its abundance or biomass - Correct answer Keystone Species Pr(A and B) = Pr(B ∩ A) = Pr(A) * Pr(B) if A and B are independent = Pr(B | A) * Pr(A) if A and B are NOT independent Pr(A or B) = Pr(B U A) = Pr(A) + Pr(B) - Pr(B ∩ A) Pr(B | A) = Pr(B ∩ A) / Pr(A) A development project is being planned. The proposed project may have a negative effect on a wetland, so the development company has done an Environmental Impact Statement. The company estimated that there is a 0.26 chance of a positive or neutral effect on a wetland, 0.47 chance of a small negative effect, and a ___ chance of a large negative effect. The company thinks there is a 0.68 chance the government will require the company to do wetland mitigation if the company goes forward with their development plan. The company thinks the chance their project would have a negative effect on the wetland and the government requires mitigation is 0.52. If the company does the mitigation, they think they have a 0.73 chanc
- Correct answer 0.27 = 1 - 0.26 - 0. Pr(A and B) = Pr(B ∩ A) = Pr(A) * Pr(B) if A and B are independent = Pr(B | A) * Pr(A) if A and B are NOT independent Pr(A or B) = Pr(B U A) = Pr(A) + Pr(B) - Pr(B ∩ A) Pr(B | A) = Pr(B ∩ A) / Pr(A) A development project is being planned. The proposed project may have a negative effect on a wetland, so the development company has done an
company to do wetland mitigation if the company goes forward with their development plan. The company thinks the chance their project would have a negative effect on the wetland and the government requires mitigation is 0.52. If the company does the mitigation, they think they have a 0.73 chanc
- Correct answer 0.70 = 0.52 / 0. Pr(A and B) = Pr(B ∩ A) = Pr(A) * Pr(B) if A and B are independent = Pr(B | A) * Pr(A) if A and B are NOT independent Pr(A or B) = Pr(B U A) = Pr(A) + Pr(B) - Pr(B ∩ A) Pr(B | A) = Pr(B ∩ A) / Pr(A) A development project is being planned. The proposed project may have a negative effect on a wetland, so the development company has done an Environmental Impact Statement. The company estimated that there is a 0.26 chance of a positive or neutral effect on a wetland, 0.47 chance of a small negative effect, and a ___ chance of a large negative effect. The company thinks there is a 0.68 chance the government will require the company to do wetland mitigation if the company goes forward with their development plan. The company thinks the chance their project would have a negative effect on the wetland and the government requires mitigation is 0.52. If the company does the mitigation, they think they have a 0.73 chanc
- Correct answer No because 0.74 * 0.68 = 0.50 which does not equal
What is often used to prevent the tragedy of the commons? - Correct answer Privatizing land Government regulation Which does not allow development, motor vehicles, or commercial activity?
- Correct answer Wilderness Areas This is the term for a cost or benefit that affects a party who did not choose to incur that cost or benefit - Correct answer Externality This is the name of the theory that individuals have an incentive to over-use a shared resource because the environmental cost is shared among all users. This results in degradation of the natural resource. - Correct answer Tragedy of the commons
A conservation easement protects land owned by - Correct answer private landowner Which statement best describes the purpose of the National Park Service?
- Correct answer To leave land unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations Common goals of restoration include to restore - Correct answer Ecosystem function Native species assemblage Gap analysis uses this computer program to prioritize land for conservation
- Correct answer GIS Having corridors between habitat patches can - Correct answer Decrease extinction risk Support wide-ranging species This is the name of the theory that current generations have lower expectations about the quality of natural resources compared to past generations because current generations' frame of reference is a more degraded ecosystem - Correct answer Shifting Baseline Syndrome Which contributes to decisions about creating reserves? - Correct answer People's values Ecological theory Constraints in resource availability and existing land use Which is a common reason to do restoration? - Correct answer An existing reserve is inadequate Mitigation for developing wetlands There is little habitat left Which is not directly manipulated in restoration? - Correct answer birds Why might a single large reserve be better than several small reserves? - Correct answer More likely to contain metapopulations Less chance of extinctions from relaxation More likely to have natural disturbances
The sustainable-ecosystem approach seeks to maintain _________________________1_______________________ as a means of maintaining _______________2____________________ and _______________3________________ - Correct answer 1) Ecosystem function
- Biodiversity
- People's productive capacity Productivity of an ecosystem is determined by - Correct answer Nutrient availability Climate (T/F) Temperate forests are resilient - Correct answer True This approach to natural resource conservation prioritizes the protection of biodiversity. - Correct answer Sustainability Preservationist This ecosystem is dominated by perennial grasses - Correct answer Steppe This ecosystem tends to be found at high latitudes and altitudes - Correct answer Tundra Tropical forests have - Correct answer little fertile soil Which is characteristic of sensitive ecosystems? - Correct answer Few evolutionary adaptations to disturbance Low soil fertility According to the flux of nature paradigm, ecosystems often - Correct answer are not near or approaching equilibrium because disturbances are widespread and frequent According to the sustainable-ecosystem approach, what should the role of reserves be? - Correct answer They should be managed to provide a link between conservation and benefits for people, such as allowing some extraction or tourism revenue to benefit local people
Portion of funds generated from conservation-related tourism diverted to local community and the national government helps to manages the natural resources - Correct answer Integrated Conservation and Development Programs Developed world pays developing country, or reduces the money it owes, to protect land - Correct answer Debt-for-nature swap Local people manage the natural resource using their knowledge of the resource - Correct answer Community based conservation People live and support themselves using natural resoures in protected areas - Correct answer Extractive reserves Recovery of a disturbed area tends to proceed - Correct answer From the edge of the disturbed area inwards Themes of the sustainable-ecosystem approach are - Correct answer Preserved land can also support traditional resource use and some exploitation Resource use outside preserves should support conservation When there are natural disturbances, an ecosystem tends to be more - Correct answer Complex Which is a challenge to implementing the sustainable-ecosystem approach to conservation? - Correct answer Monitoring the effects of management The amount of time it can take for people to receive benefits A strength of structured decision making is that it - Correct answer Incorporates both values and knowledge to analyze decision options Incorporates multiple, seemingly conflicting values Incorporates management constraints Represents uncertainty in knowledge A strength of structured decision making is that it first identifies - Correct answer Objectives In this statement, which reflects a value?"I want Y. If I do X, I have a good chance of getting Y." - Correct answer I want Y
Basal area What is the name of the physiographic region that is 300 miles long and 25 miles wide where Claude has worked a lot? - Correct answer Black Belt prairie I am studying how habitat connectivity influences bobcat survival in rural areas of the southeastern USA. This study could tell us ___ - Correct answer Connectivity and bobcat survival are positively correlated I am studying how plant diversity relates to pollinator abundance in prairies across Alabama. This is a - Correct answer Comparative Study Provide the terms: [A] = Either treatments are not replicated (though samples may be) or replicates are not statistically independent [B] = Having more than one experimental (or observational) unit with the same treatment - Correct answer [A] Pseudoreplication [B] Replication What statistic is calculated to do model selection? (you can provide the abbreviation rather than the full name) - Correct answer AIC You conduct an experiment and are using the standard alpha value of 0.05. You get a p-value of 0.1. You should __ - Correct answer Fail to reject the null hypothesis The method we used to collect data in the exercise with the paper slips and plastic bag is called - Correct answer Capture mark Recapture We used the data from the exercise with the paper slips and plastic bag to estimate what about a population? - Correct answer Abundance You caught 5 animals on the first sampling occasion and 8 on the second sampling occasion, 2 of which were also caught on the first sampling occasion. What is n1? n1 = x10 + x11 - Correct answer 5
You caught 5 animals on the first sampling occasion and 8 on the second sampling occasion, 2 of which were also caught on the first sampling occasion. What is X01? - Correct answer 6 If you used the Lincoln Petersen estimator and got N* = 82 and the bounds of the equation below were 48 and 116, which would you least expect to be the number of pieces of paper in your bag? - Correct answer 120 This symbol Σ() means ___ the numbers that are in the parentheses - Correct answer add This is a quote from a landowner: "We do very little timber harvesting. It's more of a maintenance function than it is a management function to benefit the remaining trees. It's [the land use is] strictly recreational use, so it's not an investment in the sense of timber investment. So we manage to wildlife, rather than to maximize timber harvest. So a lot of prescribed fire and I've got feral hog exclusion fence as you saw. The black belt prairie is a pretty fragile habitat because its top soil is so thin, that once it's gone it's basically sterile like moonscape-- as you saw the white - I mean, nothing has any use for that. So a lot of prescribed fire. Cedars don't like fire because of all of the resin. And from what I've studied on it, summertime storms and lightning strikes-- and prairies would burn a lot with regularity there. So historically, there weren't the cedar trees there, because generally over a period - Correct answer Recreation Limit competition from sweet gum and cedar trees Wildlife populations This is a quote from a landowner: "We do very little timber harvesting. It's more of a maintenance function than it is a management function to benefit the remaining trees. It's [the land use is] strictly recreational use, so it's not an investment in the sense of timber investment. So we manage to wildlife, rather than to maximize timber harvest. So a lot of prescribed fire and I've got feral hog exclusion fence as you saw. The black belt prairie is a pretty fragile habitat because its top soil is so thin, that once it's gone it's basically sterile like moonscape-- as you saw the white - I mean, nothing has any use for that. So a lot of prescribed fire. Cedars don't like fire because of all of the resin. And from what I've studied on it, summertime storms and lightning strikes-- and prairies would burn a lot with regularity there. So historically, there
