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- Hypoxia - insuflcient oxygen reaching the cells
- Anoxia - occurs as the result of a cessation of gas exchange
- total lack of oxygen in body tissues
- results in cell death
- Hypoxemia - reduced oxygenation of arterial blood due to impaired gas exchange
- can result in insuflcient oxygen reaching tissue cells (hypoxia)
- Scope of gas ex- change - spans from optimal gas exchange to impaired gas exchange to no gas exchange - more gas exchange is impaired, the more compromised the body become due to insuflcient O2 (hypoxia)
- Process of gas ex- Identify change
- Gas exchange for older adults - diminished strength of respiratory muscles reduces the maximal inspiratory and expiratory force may result in a weaker cough (normally a protective mechanism to protect aspiration) - alveoli become less elastic and more fibrous, causing dyspnea more frequently because of a reduction in dittusion across the alveolar capillary membrane - experience a reduction in erythrocytes, which
- the process by which oxygen is transported to cells and carbon dioxide is transported from cells
- insuflcient flow of oxygenated blood to tissues that may result in hypoxemia and subsequent cell injury or death
BSNC 1000 - Module 5 Question and answers already passed 2025/
- Gas exchange
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- chest wall becomes stitter with loss of elastic recoil
4 / 17 BSNC 1000 - Module 5 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8v2tvq Reasons for al- tered transport of oxygen
- any condition that causes an inadequate number of red blood cells or amount of hemoglobin
- occurs when patients have anemia for any reason. - blood loss from acute or chronic causes reduces the number of erythrocytes, thus making hemoglobin unavailable to carry oxygen
- destruction of erythrocytes occurs in hemolytic anemias when the spleen destroys these cells prematurely, such as in sickle cell crisis
- insuflcient red blood cell or hemoglobin synthesis
- Perfusion - the ability of blood to transport oxygen-containing hemoglobin to cells and return carbon dioxide-containing hemoglobin to the alveoli.
- Reasons for im- paired gas ex-
- decreased cardiac output
- thrombi change perfusion - emboli
- vessel narrowing
- vasoconstriction
- blood loss
- Reasons for im- paired gas ex- change
- Conditions that decrease ventila- tion
- Conditions that decrease diffu- sion
- can occur in conditions that decrease ventilation, or decrease dittusion
- airway obstruction
- impaired neuromuscular function
- restrictive lung disease
- decreased surface area due to alveolar damage -increased dittusion distance due to edema
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- history of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), asthma, cystic fibrosis,
8 / 17 BSNC 1000 - Module 5 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8v2tvq heart failure, asthma, pneumonia, chest trauma, lung cancer, and pleural ettusion
- Factors affecting ventilation
- chest compliance (property of the chest cage that allows it to expand)
- lung compliance (the property of lungs that allows them to inflate)
- airway conductance (the property of airways that allows airflow)
- intrapleural pressure (low pressure in the pleural cavities allowing lung expan- sion)
- Inhalation - diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract and increase thoracic volume
- the lungs are pulled open and intrapulmonary or alveolar pressure (PA) decreas- es. This creates a pressure gradient between the atmosphere and the alveoli (Patm > PA), allowing air to enter the lung
- Exhalation - the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax and the chest cage returns to its neutral position.
- the thoracic cavity decreases in size, the lungs are compressed, and the elastic components recoil
- this increases alveolar pressure, such that air flows out down a pressure gradient when PA > Patm.
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- Alveolar- capil- lary diffusion depends on
- Airway conduc- tance
- Factors affecting airway conduc- tance
- Effect of airway radius on con- ductance
- Airway in bron- chitis
- Risk factors for COPD
- attraction forces of surface molecules in the alveoli
- decreases surface tension within the alveolus and prevents the collapse of alveoli Surface tension Pulmonary sur- factant
BSNC 1000 -
Module 5
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- thickness of the alveolar- capillary membrane;
- total surface area of alveoli;
- ditterences in pressure of the dittusing gas on either side of the membrane; and
- dittusion characteristics of the gas (carbon dioxide dittuses 20 times faster than oxygen). The rate of flow in an airway
- pressure gradient (air flows from high pressure to low pressure)
- airway radius
- flow rate increases as the radius of conducting airways increases
- flow rate decreases as radius of conducting airways decrease (causes an increase in resistance to air flow)
- airway conductance is low because radius of conducting airway is low
- ventilation is compromised
- smoking
- inhaling industrial toxins, fumes, and chemicals
- prolonged exposure to air pollution, second hand smoke
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- represents airway obstruction of major and small airways
- characterized by an inflammation of the bronchial tubes (passageways that allow air to enter the lungs)
- hypertrophy of submucosal glands in the trachea
- causes mucus to build up in the tubes (prevents suflcient air from reaching the lungs)
14 / 17 BSNC 1000 - Module 5 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8v2tvq Causes of chronic - chronic irritation from smoking bronchitis
- Diagnosis of chronic bronchi- tis
- recurrent infections
- history of a chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months in least 2 consectutive years
- COPD - chronic and recurrent obstruction of airflow in the pulmonary airways
- refers to two diseases of the lungs (emphysema and chronic bronchitis)
- both are usually caused by years of cigarette smoking (both diagnosed at once)
- symptoms depend on which disease is more prominent
- COPD diagnosis - usually diagnosed based on medical history and lung exam
- e.g., time required for FVC,
- exercise tolerance
- nutritional status
- hemoglobin saturation
- arterial blood gases
- Symptoms of em- - shortness of breath during physical exertion physema
- Symptoms of chronic bronchi- tis
- Symptoms of COPD
- Pathogenesis of COPD
- followed by a phlegmatic cough and pursed lip breathing
- persistent mucus filled cough will be the first symptom to appear
- may be accompanied by: wheezing, shortness of breath, fatigue, respiratory or lung infections
- chronic cough
- sputum production
- dyspnea
- history of exposure to risk factors
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- use of accessory muscles
- pursed-lip breathing *with loss of lung elasticity and hyperinflation of lungs, airways often collapse during expiration because pressure is surrounding lung tissue is greater than airway pressure
- air becomes trapped in alveoli and lungs = barrel chest
- hypoxemia
- hypercapnia
- cyanosis
17 / 17 BSNC 1000 - Module 5 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8v2tvq Treatment of COPD
- smoking cessation (only measure that slows the progression of disease)
- education and psychosocial rehab
- pharmacologic interventions (bronchiodilators)
- oxygen therapy
- avoidance of second hand smoke and environmental irritants
- pulmonary rehabilitation programs
- physical conditioning
- avoid respiratory tract infections
