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A concise overview of key financial concepts and formulas relevant to business enterprises. It covers essential topics such as financial documents, assets, liabilities, profit calculations, and financial ratios. The material is presented in a question-and-answer format, making it easy to understand and memorize key definitions and formulas. It is useful for students studying business, accounting, or finance, as well as for entrepreneurs and business professionals seeking a quick reference guide to financial terminology and calculations. Definitions of assets, liabilities, and various financial ratios, such as gross profit margin, net profit margin, current ratio, and liquid capital ratio. It also explains how to interpret these ratios to assess a company's profitability and liquidity.
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Financial documents - answerrange of documents filled when completing financial transactions. Buyers - answercustomers or business purchasing goods. Sellers - answerbusinesses selling goods or services to customers or other businesses. Assets - answeritems that an enterprise owns. Orders of financial documents - answerpurchase order, delivery note, goods received note, invoice, receipt, credit note. Purchase order - answerused when a buyer orders goods. Delivery note - answerwhen goods are delivered to the buyers. Goods received note - answerwhen goods are received. Credit note - answerif a customer returns their goods to the seller. Invoice - answerdetails money owed, usually after goods have been received. Receipts - answera document acknowledging and providing proof of the purchase of goods. Cash - answermost traditional form of payment using coins and notes. Credit cards - answerpayment is deferred until the end of the month. Debit cards - answerWorks the same as credit cards but money comes straight out of the bank.
Direct debit - answerAn agreement made with a bank that allows you to transfer money to someone else on an agreed date. Payment technologies - answerTransactions taking place online where the money is taken directly from the bank account Gross profit - answerprofit a business makes from selling the products. This only considers the direct costs of producing the goods. Gross profit formula - answerturnover - cost of sales Net profit - answerthe amount of money left when all expenses are deducted from gross profit Net profit formula - answergross profit - expenditure Costs of sales - answerthe cost of producing a product Expenses - answerall indirect costs Examples of expenses - answeradministration, salaries of managers, utility bills, advertising. Utility bills - answercosts of gas and electricity. Positive gross profit - answerrevenue is greater than the cost of sales. Negative gross profit - answerrevenue is lower than cost of sales. Ways to improve gross profit - answerincrease sales revenue, reduce cost of sales Ways to increase sales revenue - answerincrease price, decrease price, increase promotion. Ways to decrease costs of sales - answeruse cheaper raw materials, buy in bulk, change suppliers, negotiate discounts. Positive net profit - answerexpenditure is within the budgeted level Negative net profit - answergross profit is too low or expenses are too high. Statement of comprehensive income - answershows how a business has performed over a period of time Profit and loss sheet - answeranother name for the statement of comprehensive income
80% - answerestimated number of small businesses to fail due to poor liquidity. Ratios - answerfinancial tools that compare two pieces of information. Profitability ratios - answergross profit margin and net profit margin. Gross profit margin - answergross profit as a percentage of sales revenue. Net profit margin - answernet profit as a percentage of sales revenue. Gross profit margin formula - answer(gross profit ÷ sales revenue) x 100 Net profit margin formula - answer(net profit ÷ sales revenue) x 100 Liquidity ratios - answercurrent ratio and liquid capital ratio Current ratio - answercomparison of current assets to current liabilities What current ratio shows - answerwhether the enterprise can cover its current debts. Current ratio formula - answercurrent assets ÷ current liabilities Good current asset amount - answerbetween 1.5:1 and 2: Liquid capital ratio - answercomparing immediate current assets with current liabilities Liquid capital ratio formula - answer(current assets - inventories) ÷ current liabilities What liquid capital ratio shows - answerwhether enterprise can pay its immediate debts Good liquid capital amount - answer1: Revenue - answerIncome an enterprise receives Revenue formula - answerprice per unit x number of sales Sources of revenue - answersales of goods and services, interest on money in savings account, investment interest, leasing or rental from renting out properties, selling assets capital - answermoney, buildings and equipment that an enterprise uses to trade Start-up costs - answeramount of money spent setting up a business before it starts trading
Running costs - answerFixed costs and variable costs that have to be paid to keep a business trading Fixed costs - answercosts that have to be paid no matter how many products are sold Examples of fixed costs - answerrent, electricity, salaries Variable costs - answerCosts that are directly related to the number of items sold Examples of variable costs - answerraw materials, wages Total variable costs - answerVariable cost per unit x number of goods sold Total costs - answerall costs added together Total cost formula - answerfixed costs + total variable costs Profit formula - answertotal revenue - total costs Profit - answerReward for running an enterprise Turnover - answerTotal revenue, it is also referred to as net sales