BTEC Revision Guide Skeletal System, Slides of Anatomy

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BTEC Revision

Guide

Skeletal System

A1 - Structure of skeletal system

Pre Revision Post Revision Can you locate and name the major bones of the body? cranium, clavicle, ribs, sternum, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, pelvis, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, vertebral column:  cervical  thoracic  lumbar  sacrum  coccyx Do you know the various types of bones and their function in sporting situations? Can you give examples of each?  long - movement  short - support  flat - protection  sesamoid – reduce friction at a joint

 irregular - various

Can you label the various areas of the skeleton?  axial Skeleton  appendicular Skeleton Can you name and describe the postural deviations?  neutral Spine  kyphosis

 scoliosis

Can you describe the process of bone growth using the words?  ossification  osteoblasts  osteoclasts  epiphyseal plate

A2 - Function of skeletal system

Can you name the 8 main functions of the skeleton and link to

sporting examples and situations?

 supporting framework  protection  attachment for skeletal muscle  source of blood cell production  store of minerals  leverage  weight bearing

 reduce friction across a joint

A5 Adaptations of the skeletal system to exercise Can you explain the long-term adaptations of exercise on the skeletal system and sports performance?  increased bone strength  increased ligament strength A6 Additional factors affecting the skeletal system Can you explain the impact of exercise and sports performance on the skeletal system?  Skeletal disease – arthritis, osteoporosis, and the effect of exercise in offsetting these conditions.  Age – young children and resistance training issues stunting bone growth.

A1 Structure of skeletal system

Types of bones

Type of bone Characteristics Examples

Long Bones

Longer than they are wide Act as levers to create movement Produce red blood cells Humerus Tibia Femur

Short Bones

Are as long as they are wide Used for weight bearing Absorb shock Tarsals Carpals

Flat Bones

Wide and flat, normally thin Protect vital organs Attach muscles and produce blood Sternum Ribs Pelvis

Irregular

Irregular shape Many functions such as, protection, attach muscles, support, movement, Lumbar Thoracic Cervical

A The effects of exercise and sports performance on

the skeletal system

Sacral

5 sacral vertebrae that are fused together. It helps form the wall of the pelvis. it also supports the weight of the vertebrae

Coccygeal 4 coccygeal vertebrae that are fused together. Has no function

Postural defects

Process of bone growth

Bone is a living organ that is continuously being reshaped through a process called remodelling. Ossification is the process in which bones are formed. Throughout this process parts of the bone are reabsorbed so that unnecessary calcium is removed (via cells called osteoclasts ) while new layers of bone tissue are created. The cells that bring the calcium to your bones are known as osteoblasts and are responsible for creating bone matter. Osteoblast activity increases when you exercise, so your bones will become stronger the more exercise you do. This means your bone calcium stores increase to cope with the demand for calcium, so exercising also reduces the risk of osteoporosis. Activities that can build stronger bones include tennis, netball, basketball, aerobics, walking and running. The ends of each long bone contain growing areas – or plates – which allow the bone to grow longer. This continues throughout childhood until they reach full maturity. These

Defect Picture Description

Neutral Spine A good posture with the correct position of the three natural curves (S shape). When viewing the spine from the front (anterior), it should be completely vertical. Occasionally the spine may suffer from disorders which can cause the natural curves to change. Kyphosis The excessive outward curve of the thoracic region of the spine resulting in a ‘hunchback’ appearance. This is often caused by poor posture but can be caused by deformities of the vertebrae. Scoliosis The abnormal curvature of the spine either to the left or to the right (lateral curvature). Most likely to occur in the thoracic region. Often found in children but can be found in adults. This condition is not thought to be linked to bad posture and the exact reasons for it are unknown, although it seems to be inheritable.

areas are called the epiphyseal plates and allow the long bones to extend. Once a long bone is fully formed, the head – or end of each bone – fuses with the main shaft (diaphysis) to create the epiphyseal line

A2 Functions of skeletal system

Function Explanation

Protection

The skeleton protects vital organs:  Cranium protects the brain  Pelvis protects the reproductive organs  Ribs protect the heart and lungs

Attachment

for Skeletal

Muscle

Bones provide anchors for muscles to attach. Tendons attach muscles to bone muscles pull on bones to create movement

Leverage

Long bones provide a lever system against which muscles can pull to create movement

Storing of

Minerals

Bones store minerals such as calcium and phosphorus which is essential for bone growth and maintenance of bone health

A Source of

Blood Cell

production

Bone marrow stored in bones produces red and white blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen for energy. White blood cells fight infection

Support

Framework

Bones give your body shape and help support the body so we can stand up straight and attach muscles

Weight

Bearing

Bones are very strong and will support the weight of the body the pelvis and tarsals supports the weight of the body

Reduce

friction

Across a

Joint

The skeleton has many different types of joints. Synovial joint secrete synovial fluid that reduced friction between bones.

Epiphyseal Line

Type of joint

Where found

in the

skeleton

Types of

movements

Bones involved

Hinge

Knee & Elbow Ankle Flexion Extension Planter Flexion Dorsi Flexion Knee: Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Patella Elbow: Humerus, Radius, Ulna Ankle: Tibia, Fibula, Tarsals

Ball and socket

Shoulder & Hip Flexion Extension Adduction Abduction Rotation Circumduction Shoulder: Scapula, Humerus, Clavicle Hip: Pelvis, Femur

Pivot

Neck Rotation Cervical vertebrae: Axis, Axial

Condyloid

Wrist Flexion Extension Adduction Abduction Circumduction Wrist: Ulna, Radius, Carpals

Saddle

Thumb Flexion Extension Adduction Abduction Circumduction Thumb: Carpals, Metacarpals

Gliding

Hands & Feet Limited movement in all directions Hands: Between the Carpals Feet: Between the Tarsals

Circumduction

This is a circular movement that is a

combination of flexion, extension,

adduction and abduction.

Shoulder action when

performing a front

crawl

A4 Responses of the skeletal system to a single sport or exercise

session (immediate/short-term)

Response Explanation

Synovial fluid

production

When we exercise synovial fluid is produced this reduces the friction between joints increasing the range of movement at the joint. When the fluid is released it becomes less viscous

Uptake of

minerals

Exercise stimulates the uptake of calcium, this makes the bones stronger with less chance of injury

Increased

pliability of

ligaments

Tendons become more pliable which would increase the range of movement at the joint

A5 Adaptations of the skeletal system to exercise (long-term)

Response Explanation

Increase in

bone density

and strength

Regular weight bearing exercise results in bones becoming bigger and stronger, this means that you are less likely to get injured such as a fracture

Increased

ligament

strength

Regular exercise strengthens ligaments. This stabilises the joint so it is less likely to get injured such as a dislocation

Increased

thickness of

articular

cartilage

Regular exercise will thicken the articular cartilage this will protect the joint from wear and tear

A5 Additional factors affecting the skeletal system

Factor Explanation

Arthritis Arthritis is a condition where there is an inflammation within a synovial joint, causing pain and stiffness in the joint. The most common type of arthritis is osteoarthritis. This is caused by general wear and tear over a long period of time. This reduces the normal amount of cartilage tissue, which may result in the ends of the bones rubbing together. However, regular exercise can prevent arthritis. During physical activity your joints will produce more synovial fluid which will not only improve the joint lubrication, reducing friction between the bones, but will also provide important minerals to the cartilage. Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is the weakening of bones caused by a loss in calcium or a lack of vitamin D. As you get older your bones slowly lose their mineral density and naturally become brittle, fragile and more likely to break under stress. However, physical activity and exercise can help prevent osteoporosis by promoting increased uptake of minerals within the bones, resulting in an increase in bone mineral density. Resistance training and weight bearing exercise is a good method of preventing osteoporosis as overloading the skeleton will increase bone density. Age The skeletal system is a living tissue that is constantly growing and repairing itself so that it can provide support and protection. Generally, exercise and sports will benefit you. The exception to this is resistance training (weight training) in children as this can cause more harm than good. The reason for this is that a child’s bones are still

Bone:

Type of Bone:

3. Match the following words to their description? (5)

Sacrum Thoracic Coccygeal Lumbar Cervical

These are the smallest of the vertebrae, the

top two are called the axis and atlas.

These vertebrae are found in the middle of

the vertebral column and attach the ribs.

These are the largest of the movable

vertebrae, they support the weight and attach

muscles.

These are 5 fused vertebrae that sits in

between the pelvis, it helps support the

weight.

These are 4 fused vertebrae and have no

function.

4. What bones make up the axial skeleton? (2)

_________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

5. From the picture below name the postural deviation

and give a brief description? (3)

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

6. Explain the process in which bones grow? ( 3 )

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

7. Explain how the following functions of the skeleton are important in a

netball match? ( 4 )

Type:

Found:

Type:

Found:

Type:

Found:

10. From the words below label the Synovial joint? (6)

Bone Epiphyseal Line Articular Cartilage Synovial Membrane Synovial Fluid Ligament

11. Explain the function of a ligament and synovial fluid. Give a sporting

example of how they aid performance? ( 4 )

Ligament:

_________________________________________________________

Aids Performance:

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

Synovial Fluid:

_________________________________________________________

Aids Performance:

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

12. Fill in the table by matching the description to the range of

movement? ( 7 )

Flexion Extension Dorsiflexion Plantarflexion Lateral Flexion Horizontal Flexion Horizontal Extension Hyper-Extension Abduction Adduction Horizontal Adduction Horizontal Abduction Circumduction Rotation

Range of movement Description

The movement of bending sideways.

Reducing the angle between bones at a joint.

E.g. bending.

Movement towards the body’s vertical

midline.

Movement of pulling the toes towards the

knee.

A circular motion.

Movement of bringing your arm across your

body.