Buried Cities W1 - Lecture notes 1updated version, Lecture notes of Advanced Education

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Buried Cities and Lost Tribes (

Buried Cities and Lost Tribes

ASB 222

January 10, 2017 Ying Zhen, First Emperor of Qin (China) 260-210 B.C When he ruled, it was not a single country, it was divided into a series of small states (at least 7) that were constantly at war with each other. He was the first ruler to unify all seven smaller states into one single political entity. He was the first emperor of the large state. After him, every ruler will be named the emperor. He started the construction of the Great Wall of China, he linked pre-existing walls together that would mark the northern boundary of his first state. He did not see the competition. He died 210 B.C. He was placed in a tomb just as cool as the pyramids, it took 38 years to build. In 1976 farmers discovered the tomb, and basically the tomb was a replica of his Kingdom. Archaeologists has never excavated the tomb because they are scared the will damage material. 8,000 soldiers (terra cotta, fire baked clay like ceramic) facing the east to protect the country. It also contains 130 chariots, 6,000 soldiers, musicians, acrobats, etc. They are there to protect the dead emperor. Each clay individual is unique (different facial expression, different clothing, different height, many hands are holding weapons, or seem to be) When it was constructed, most were painted, but over the 2,000 years most has disintegrated. Why did countries, states, kingdoms create such vast tombs during this time? Coprolite (feces) about 2,000 years’ old Oldest stone tools in Africa, 3 million years ago Exams: Four Online Exams Lowest score is dropped Final grade based on three best scores Each exam is curved Open Book, and you may use your notes Will receive a letter grade for each exam (A+, A, A-, etc.) All exams will be multiple choice questions Based off lectures primarily, but also documentaries and readings None of the exams are cumulative, all based on material covered after the last exam Exam 1(Feb. 2)- 1,2,3 readings Exam 2(Feb. 28)- 4,5,6 readings Exam 3(Mar. 30)- 7,8,9 readings Exam 4(Apr. 27)- 10,11,12 readings No class on Jan. 24, Feb. 23, Mar. 28, Apr. 6- watch online documentary instead Notes: Umich.edu- Getting the most from class time, developing your personal note takin style Required Reading: James Deetz— In Small Things Forgotten: An

January 12, 2017 My TA is Lisa Gallagher Americas first Archaeologist: Thomas Jefferson -He conducted the first scientific archaeology expedition Grave Creek Mound, West Virginia -People thought that the Native Americans could not have possibly built these mounds -They were thought to be built by the mythical “mound people” that somehow disappeared before the Europeans -Jefferson then thought that they should excavate the mounds (1784) They excavated a mound that was right in Jefferson’s backyard -He took a ton of notes, and published a report about the contents of the mound. -He found that the mounds were formed by burials over time, after centuries you have a mound that forms with graves underneath them. -He argued that contemporary Native American populations were very likely to be the ones to build the mounds Archaeology -Paleontologists, not archaeologists, study dinosaurs -Paleontology is the study of past life. It’s source of info is the fossil record. Our earliest hominin ancestor lived 7 mya (mya: million years ago) Our earliest stone tools were created 3.3 mya Archaeology is the study of the human past through material culture, therefore archaeology starts when humans start creating material culture (which at the moment is 3.3 mya) Earliest stone tool -3.3 mya -Kenya, Africa History begins when we start to have a written record in societies -History is the study of the human past through the written record -The written records tend to be vary biased, the winners of the war write the record, not the losers. Minority groups such as women, slaves, POC, etc. were rarely written about -Mostly written by a white male, for a white male, through the perspective from a white male. -The written record began 5.4 kya (thousand years ago) Prehistory: The period of human history before the advent of writing History: The period of human history after the

advent of writing

Exam Question: When does the transition from history to prehistory start in north America? Anthropology: A Four Field discipline -Franz Boas: Father of American Anthropology -Anthropology (The study of Humanity) tries to be Holistic, it tries to include all aspects of human society (human society as a whole) Biological Anthropology: Study of humans biological and physical remains Linguistic Anthropology: Study of language, with the focus on its interaction with cognition, culture, and society Archaeology: Study of the human past

Cultural Anthropology: Study of the non-biological aspects of human behavior and society

• Jacques Boucher de Crevecoeur de Perthes found fossil bones in the same layer as stone tools -He then discovered that humans had co-existed with these very old animal species –which made the establishment that humans had been around for a very long time possible -By the 18 th^ century the antiquity of human history had been established