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Burns Pediatric Final Exam Study
Guide
- The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner understands that a major child health outcome associated with worldwide climate change is : a. cost of living. b. education. c. nutrition. d. pollution. - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔✔ ANS: C There is growing evidence that climate change is having a dramatic effect on food crops that leads to food distribution issues and food insecurity among families.
- The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner understands that, to achieve the greatest world-wide reduction in child mortality from pneumonia and diarrhea, which intervention is most effective? a. Antibiotics b. Optimal nutrition c. Vaccinations d. Water purification - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔✔ ANS: C Rotavirus is the most common cause of diarrhea globally and Strep pneumonia is the leading cause of pneumonia, and together these are the leading infectious causes of childhood morbidity and mortality globally. Both are vaccine-preventable diseases. Antibiotics to treat pneumonia, optimal nutrition, and clean water all help to reduce morbidity and mortality, but vaccination prevents the diseases from occurring.
- When providing well child care for an infant in the first year of life, the primary care pediatric nurse practitioner is adhering to the most recent American Academy of Pediatrics Recommendations for
Preventive Pediatric Health Care guidelines by : a. focusing less on development and more on illness prevention and nutrition. b. following guidelines established by the Bright Futures publication. c. scheduling well-baby visits to coincide with key developmental milestones. d. seeing the infant at ages 2, 4, 6, and 12 months when immunizations are due. - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔✔ ANS: C In the most recent AAP Recommendations for Preventive Pediatric Health Care, there is a greater emphasis on behavioral and developmental issues and a recommendation that well child care be based on child and family development rather than the periodicity of immunization schedules. This will require a revision of the current recommendations in Bright Futures.
- Which is true about the health status of children in the United States? a. Globalism has relatively little impact on child health measures in the U.S. b. Obesity rates among 2- to 5-year-olds have shown a recent significant decrease. c. The rate of household poverty is lower than in other economically developed nations. d. Young children who attend preschool or day care have higher food insecurity. - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔✔ ANS: B Obesity rates are a major concern for child health in the U.S. but recently have stabilized in the rate of increase and have declined among 2- to 5-year-olds between 2004 and 2013. Globalism has an increasing effect on child health in the U.S. The rate of household poverty in the U.S. is higher than in other economically developed nations. Young children who attend preschool or day care have lower food insecurity.
- Which region globally has the highest infant mortality rate? a. Indonesia b. Southern Asia c. Sub-Saharan Africa
The three-generation pedigree is used to map out risks for genetic diseases in families, as well as conditions with modifiable risk factors. The review of systems is used to evaluate the history of the child's body systems. The genogram is an approach to developing a family database to provide a graphic representation of family structure, roles, and problems of recurring significance in a family. The ecomap is used to identify relationships in the family and community that are supportive or harmful.
- The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner is performing a well child check-up on a 20-month-old child. The child was 4 weeks premature and, according to a parent-completed developmental questionnaire, has achieved milestones for a 15-month-old infant. Which action is correct? a. Perform an in-depth developmental assessment screen at this visit to evaluate this child. b. Reassure the parent that the child will catch up to normal development by age 2 years. c. Re-evaluate this child's development and milestone achievements at the 2-year visit. d. Refer the child to a specialty clinic for evaluation and treatment of developmental delay. - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔✔ ANS: A This child should be at a 19-month adjusted age for prematurity so, according to the parent screen, is 4 months behind. The PNP should perform a more in-depth screen to evaluate this delay. Waiting to see if the child will "catch up" or assuring the parent that this will happen will cause the delays to become more severe. A referral to a specialty clinic should not be made solely on the basis of the parent-completed questionnaire but only after further evaluation of possible delays.
- When formulating developmental diagnoses for pediatric patients, the primary care pediatric nurse practitioner may use which resource?
a. DC: 0-3R b. ICD-10-CM c. ICSD- d. NANDA International - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔✔ ANS: A The DC: 0-3R refers to the Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders of Infancy and Early Childhood and is useful for developmental problem diagnosis. The ICD-10-CM is the International Classification of Diseases-Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification and is useful for identifying physiologic diseases. The ICSD-3 is the International Classification of Sleep Disorders - 3rd edition. NANDA International is used to label problems in the functional health domain.
- The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner is evaluating health literacy in the mother of a new preschool-age child. How will the nurse practitioner assess this? a. Ask the child how many books he has at home. b. Ask the mother about her highest grade in school. c. Ask the mother to determine the correct dose of a drug from a label. d. Ask the mother to read a health information handout aloud. - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔✔ ANS: A The "newest vital sign," or health literacy, can be determined quickly by asking the parent how many children's books are in the home. Greater than 10 books in the home is an independent positive predictor of adequate parent health literacy. The other questions may determine a specific level of literacy in general but are not as efficient.
- The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner learns that the mother of a 3-year- old child has been treated for depression for over 5 years. Which aspect of this child's development will be of the most concern to the nurse practitioner?
The PNP should remember that young children are learning "scripts" for health care visits and may be stressed when recalling previous visits, especially if those involved immunizations. The PNP should explain the purpose and any anticipated procedures for this visit to help put the child at ease.
- When meeting with a new family, the primary care pediatric nurse practitioner develops a database that identifies family members and others living in the household, relationships with others outside the household, and significant behavioral and emotional problems. Which tool will the nurse practitioner use to record this information? a. CRAFFT b. Ecomap c. Genogram d. Pedigree - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔✔ ANS: C The genogram is an approach to developing a family database to provide a graphic representation of family structure, roles, and problems of recurring significance in a family. The CRAFFT tool is used to assess substance abuse in adolescents. The ecomap is used to identify relationships in the family and community that are supportive or harmful. The pedigree is used to identify potential genetic disorders.
- The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner evaluates a school-age child whose body mass index (BMI) is greater than the 97th percentile. The nurse practitioner is concerned about possible metabolic syndrome and orders laboratory tests to evaluate this. Which diagnosis will the nurse practitioner document for this visit? a. Metabolic syndrome b. Nutritional alteration: more than required
c. Obesity d. Rule out type 2 diabetes mellitus - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔✔ ANS: C A problem should never be included on the problem list that is not supported by subjective and objective data found and recorded in the database. This child has a BMI that suggests obesity, so this may be used as a diagnosis. Metabolic syndrome is a diagnosis that is determined by laboratory data, which has not been evaluated yet. Nutritional alteration is a NANDA diagnosis and not acceptable for reimbursement. "Rule out" should not be used as a diagnosis, but may be considered part of a plan.
- The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner performs a developmental assessment on a 3-year-old child and notes normal cognitive, fine-motor, and gross-motor abilities. The child responds appropriately to verbal commands during the assessment but refuses to speak when asked questions. The parent tells the nurse practitioner that the child talks at home and that most other adults can understand what the child says. The nurse practitioner will : a. ask the parent to consider a possible speech delay and report any concerns. b. continue to evaluate the child's speech at subsequent visits. c. refer the child for a speech and hearing evaluation. d. tell the parent to spend more time in interactive conversations with the child. - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔✔ ANS: B Development should be monitored over time and within the context of the child's overall well-being, rather than at an isolated testing session. The child has normal development in observed measures and appears to hear and understand well. By parental report, the child is able to speak. The PNP should continue to evaluate speech over time, since this refusal to speak may be associated with shyness or intimidation in the clinic. It is not necessary to tell the parent that the child has a possible speech delay.
correct diagnosis should be "Parenting alteration." "Failure to thrive" is a medical diagnosis and requires a medical and social evaluation to rule out organic causes or detect neglect. "Home care resources inadequate" would be used if the PNP suspects that the family lacks adequate funds to purchase food. "Nutrition alteration" is a NANDA diagnosis and would be used if the PNP planned to consult with a dietician or give nutritional information.
- The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner is obtaining a medical history about a child. To integrate both nursing and medical aspects of primary care, which will be included in the medical history? a. Complementary medications, alternative health practices, and chief complaint b. Developmental delays, nutritional status, and linear growth patterns c. Medication currently taking, allergy information, and family medical history d. Speech and language development, beliefs about health, and previous illnesses - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔✔ ANS: D An assessment model that integrates the nursing and medical aspects of primary care uses three domains: developmental problems (speech and language development), functional health problems (beliefs about health), and diseases (chief complaint). The other examples all use domains associated with the traditional medical model and do not contain nursing aspects associated with functional health problems.
- The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner learns that an African-American family lives in a neighborhood with a high crime rate and suggests that they try moving to another neighborhood for the safety of their children. This is an example of a. cultural sensitivity. b. group bias. c. individual privilege.
d. racial awareness. - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔✔ ANS: C Privilege can be individual- or group-based and refers to the often unconscious lack of understanding of what other groups must deal with. The PNP is not aware that the family may lack the resources to move, may be fearful of moving to a "white" neighborhood, or may even feel safe around people that they know. Cultural sensitivity is an awareness of and respect for other cultures. Group bias is a prejudice, based on cultural, racial, or ethnic differences, toward a group of people. Racial awareness would describe an awareness of cultural differences based on race.
- The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner is examining a child whose parents recently emigrated from a war-torn country in the Middle East. Which is a priority assessment when performing the patient history? a. Asking about physical, psychological, and emotional trauma b. Determining the parents' English language competency and literacy level c. Learning about cultural preferences and complementary medicine practices d. Reviewing the child's previous health and illness records - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔✔ ANS: A Recent history that includes trauma, loss, and refugee camp experience may exacerbate difficulties adjusting to life in the U.S. and can lead to acute and chronic physical and mental health concerns. All of the other parts of the history will be necessary, but this should be a priority, since the family has escaped a war-torn country.
- The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner in a community health center meets a family who has recently immigrated to the United States who speak only Karon. They arrive in the clinic with a church sponsor, who translates for them. The pediatric nurse practitioner notices that the sponsor
to be intrinsically part of that group. A constructive view recognizes culture as complex and dynamic and sees people as individuals who may belong to multiple cultures simultaneously. Individualism recognizes the individual, and not the group, as the basic unit of survival.
- The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner cares for children from a Native American family and learns that they used many herbs to treat and prevent illness. Which approach will the pediatric nurse practitioner use to promote optimum health in the children? a. Ask about the types of practices used and when they are applied. b. Provide a list of harmful herbs and ask the family to avoid those. c. Suggest that the family avoid using these remedies in their children. d. Tell the parents to use the herbs in conjunction with modern medications. - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔✔ ANS: A The challenge, when working with families from different cultural backgrounds, who use alternative or complementary medicines, is to find ways to achieve a mutual understanding of the differences and to negotiate an acceptable plan of care. The first step is to begin a discussion about these practices. Providing a list of harmful herbs, suggesting that the family avoid certain herbs, and suggesting that the herbs are only an adjunct to "modern medicine" will sound disparaging and will convey a sense of mistrust.
- A primary care pediatric nurse practitioner working in a community health center wishes to develop a program to assist impoverished children and families to have access to healthy foods. Which strategy will the pediatric nurse practitioner employ to ensure the success of such a program? a. Asking community members to assist in researching and implementing a program b. Designing a community garden approach that involves children and their parents
c. Gaining support from the corporate community to provide needed resources d. Providing evidence-based information about the importance of a healthy diet - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔✔ ANS: A Community collaboration can be fostered through community-based participatory research (CBPR), which is transformative research that bridges the gap between science and practice by actively engaging communities with formally trained researchers. In this type of research, community members formally participate in all aspects of the process, making the findings more relevant to the community it affects the most. Designing a community garden approach without first knowing whether the community needs or wants it does not ensure success. Gaining support from the corporate community without input from the affected community does not guarantee success. Giving evidence-based information does not involve the community members in research and does not increase success.
- The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner works with families from a variety of cultures and socioeconomic classes. Which is an example of cultural humility in practice? a. Giving health care advice that takes cultural differences into account b. Identification of other cultures that may be superior to one's own culture c. Receptivity to learning about the perspectives of other cultures d. Respecting other cultures while maintaining the views of one's own - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔✔ ANS: C Cultural humility is defined as the lifelong commitment to developing mutually beneficial, nonpaternalistic partnerships and is based on a model of passive volition, receptivity, and being open to learning from others. Practitioners who have cultural humility are always seeking to learn about other cultures. Cultural humility involves asking questions, rather than giving answers. Cultural humility does
care? a. Asking the child to describe usual daily routines and schedules b. Referring the family to a social worker to help with medication compliance c. Reviewing the asthma action plan with the parent and the child d. Teaching the child how the medication will help to control asthma symptoms - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔✔ ANS: A In a client-centered relationship, there is reciprocal communication and understanding. The PNP should be able to understand the client's perspective and unique situation. The first step is to evaluate possible reasons for nonadherence and not to make referrals or re-educate until potential barriers have been identified and negotiation with the client has occurred.
- The parents of a special needs child tell the primary care pediatric nurse practitioner that they are planning a 3-month visit to their home country in Africa. The pediatric nurse practitioner assists the family to obtain a sufficient supply of medications and formula and to make sure that the child's equipment can be transported and used during the trip and at the destination. This is an example of a. global application. b. global awareness. c. system application. d. system awareness. - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔✔ ANS: A Global application involves having a willingness and ability to adjust to the needs of clients, families, and communities both nationally and globally. Global awareness involves knowledge of diseases, political, and economic factors worldwide that affect health. System application involves assisting clients to overcome institutional barriers to effective interventions. System awareness is knowledge of these
barriers.
- During a well child exam, the primary care pediatric nurse practitioner learns that the parents of a young child fight frequently about finances. The parents state that they do not fight in front of the child and feel that the situation is temporary and related to the father's job layoff. What will the nurse practitioner do? a. Reassure them that the child is too young to understand. b. Recommend that they continue to not argue in front of the child. c. Suggest counseling to learn ways to handle stress. d. Tell them that the conflict will resolve when the situation changes. - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔✔ ANS: C Marital problems can result in child behavior difficulties and anxieties, and conflict can be picked up by the child. The parents should try to learn to modify unhealthy behaviors, such as increased conflict during stressful situations. Even when children do not understand, they pick up on cues from the parents about anxiety and stress and can internalize these feelings. Avoiding arguments in front of the child does not alleviate the underlying conflict and stress. The behavior of fighting during this stressful situation may indicate a pattern of response to stress and will only recur with each subsequent stressful period.
- The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner conducts a well baby exam on an infant and notes mild gross motor delays but no delays in other areas. Which initial course of action will the nurse practitioner recommend? a. Consult a developmental specialist for a more complete evaluation. b. Prepare the parents for a potentially serious developmental disorder. c. Refer the infant to an early intervention program for physical therapy.
b. Perform a developmental assessment and tell the parent which delays are evident. c. Point out the tasks that the infant can perform while conducting the assessment. d. Refer the infant to a developmental specialist for a complete evaluation. - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔✔ ANS: C When discussing developmental delays with parents, it is important to be positive and to initially focus on strengths. Explaining that developmental delays develop over time is true but does not reassure the parent or help the parent cope with feelings. Referrals are not indicated unless delays are present and may take time.
- Which recommendation will a primary care pediatric nurse practitioner make when parents ask about ways to discipline their 3-year-old child who draws on the walls with crayons? a. Give the child washable markers so the drawings can be removed easily. b. Provide a roll of paper for drawing and teach the child to use this. c. Put the child in "timeout" each time the child draws on the walls. d. Take the crayons away from the child to prevent the behavior. - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔✔ ANS: B Discipline involves training or education that molds appropriate behavior and is used to teach the child what is permitted and encouraged. Providing an appropriate outlet for drawing helps to teach the child where to use the crayons. Using washable markers allows the parents to clean the walls but does not teach the child appropriate behaviors. Timeout and taking away the crayons are forms of punishment, or a loss of privileges, that are administered as a form of retribution.
- The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner enters an exam room and finds a 2- month-old infant in a car seat on the exam table. The infant's mother is playing a game on her smart phone. The nurse practitioner interprets this behavior as :
a. a sign that the mother has postpartum depression. b. extremely concerning for potential parental neglect. c. of moderate concern for parenting problems. d. within the normal range of behavior in early parenthood. - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔✔ ANS: C A parent who seems disinterested in a child raises moderate concerns for parenting problems. It does not necessarily signal postpartum depression. It is not a mark for extreme concern. It is not within the expected range of behaviors.
- During a well child assessment of an 18-month-old child, the primary care pediatric nurse practitioner observes the child becoming irritable and uncooperative. The parent tells the child to stop fussing. What will the nurse practitioner do? a. Allow the parent to put the child in a "timeout." b. Ask the parent about usual discipline practices. c. Offer the child a book or a toy to look at. d. Stop the exam since the child has reached a "meltdown." - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔✔ ANS: C The child has exhibited early signs of misbehavior. At this stage, distraction and active engagement may be used to stop more problems from occurring. It is not necessary to use a timeout because the child hasn't reached the point where cooperation is impossible. The PNP should model appropriate interventions by offering the child a distraction and may ask the parent about discipline practices later in the visit. The child is not at a "meltdown" state.
- The primary care pediatric nurse practitioner performs a physical examination on a 9-month-old infant and notes two central incisors on the lower gums. The parent states that the infant nurses, takes solid
